Zingaki izifunda federal isiRashiya, futhi lokho abayikho for?

Kule minyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu, izwe lethu ayedlule eziningi lezo zinxushunxushu, abe nomthelela ngokuqondile ikusasa layo phambili. Eyokuqala wabo - kuyinto wokugoqa zase-USSR, okwakusho scrapping lonke uhlelo yokuphathwa komphakathi, kulandele kumiswa ezweni elisha - WaseRussia.

inkinga yokuqondisa

Russia bekulokhu ukwakheka omkhulu indawo, ukuphathwa ephumelelayo elinikeza nobunzima ezithile. I-Russian Empire owawuse ngenxa yamandla autocratic kombusi, ngubani elawulwa apharathasi ka ubushiqela ngisho izinqubo kwencani, ukanye Ubukhulu bale lizwe axhunywe ingxenye kabusha esifundeni nokuphatha. Kwakuqala ngqa ngesikhathi kubusa Petra Velikogo, okuyinto ihlukaniswe lonke izwe yaba izifundazwe eliholwa nababusi, nezinhloko izifunda nabo bebekhona sokulandisa amakolishi othize, ngakho inkosi wayezama faka system ezintathu isigaba zokubusa. Nokho, kwezinye izindawo babe ensimini ka kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu alinganayo, ngakho-ke waba ngaphezu kwalokho bakhiqiza division zibe izifundazwe ngaphezulu. Ngokuvamile, izinguquko ngezinga elithile kulayini ukuphathwa, futhi isikhungo kwadingeka ithuba ukulawula okuningi tekusebenta phezu zindawo ezikude. Nokho, kwakusekhona kungekho kwakuwukuthi ecacile.

isipiliyoni zomlando

Ukulungisa lesi simo, iNdlovukazi ehlakulela kabusha entsha. Ngo 1775, i-isimemezelo yayikhishwe division of Russia ezifundazweni 51 okuyinto yena, ihlukaniswe ngezigodi. Kwaholela, njengasekuqaleni, yena waba umbusi, kodwa kunoshintsho abalulekile zenziwe. Ukuze ukulawula langena okuthunyelwe soMbusi-Jikelele, munye ngaphansi umyalo izindawo zakhe eziningana, konke kusuka 1775 kuze 1917 waba idaliwe 20 Uhulumeni-Jikelele kanye ekhethekile zokuphatha-indawo iyunithi - yokubusa eCaucasus. Njengoba ubona, uhlelo kuyafana Federal District, okuyinto washintsha ngokuphindaphindiwe. UCatherine II uhulumeni eye wenza kanjalo ukuze aqinise kokuqondisa kweziphathimandla zendawo ukulawula isinyathelo kwababusi unciphise amathuba imibhikisho zabantu nokunganeliseki. Ngempela, kungenzeka ukuba ngcono kakhulu nekusebenta apharathasi zokuphatha-bureaucratic.

Uhlelo yaseSoviet yokuthuthela ukuphathwa

The Revolution-1917 kwabangela izinguquko ekuphathweni yezwe. AmaBolshevik ekuqaleni abazange emaphethelweni nasezindaweni eziqhelile ndla amakhulu. Yikuphi kamuva kwaholela ngisho kokugumbuqelwa amandla Soviet kwezinye izifunda. Ukuyiqonda injongo yangempela yokunikezwa iphutha lakhe, SNK ngokushesha waqala ukushintsha amaqhinga kanye isu zedivayisi ukuphathwa. Ngo ukwakheka eU.SSR kwathiwa izimiso federalist yenhlangano umbuso, kodwa eqinisweni bonke, kwazise izikhulu zezinhlangano amandla elawulwa, futhi uma sithola isifaniso noMbuso isiRashiya, kuba sobala ukuthi umnyombo ayikashintshi. Futhi kuphela igama ishintshile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ufaka ezahlukene onobhala ezingeni party esikhundleni kwababusi abalawuli lesifunda abasekela isiyalo yensimbi e abafanele "izigodi." I degree of yinye e nenkathi yamaSoviet, uye yafinyelela umvuthwandaba futhi ezingeni walo wawenziwe kuphakame kakhulu kunalokho yasebukhosini.

Zingaki izifunda federal Russian?

Ukuwa kweSoviet Union kanye okwalandela "umbukiso we sovereignties" we Russian Federation esebeké cishe on the esengozini lokubola. Izingxenye eziningi isimo kwethulwa umthetho lalo, elaliyisikhungo ephikisana federal, ukulawula esifundeni dolobha kwaba cishe zero. Kulesi simo, uMongameli Russian V. Putin unqume ngivuselele ukuphathwa inter-lesifunda nge-scheme kucace futhi kube lukhuni kakhulu kwakuwukuthi. kulandele esinqumweni kamongameli "Ngo izifunda federal" ngo-May 2000. amayunithi 7 kuphela zidaliwe. Yilokho bangaki ezifundeni federal Russian wayedabuka. Imingcele wakudonsela Isifaniso ne division seminyango umshushisi jikelele. It uqala ukwakha ecacile ezintathu-uqimba uhlelo lokulawula zokuphatha. Inombolo izifunda federal eRussia ishintshile ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa, liye elihlobene ne izenzakalo zezombusazwe, kanye lula womhlaba. I zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele yalezi zinguquko emelelwa anhlobonhlobo imithetho kahulumeni. Ukuqokwa esikhundleni sokuba isithunywa kamongameli ukuba eSifundeni Federal kuveza inhloko yezwe.

Izizathu zezombusazwe ukuze izinguquko futhi zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele

Futhi abaningi kanjani ezifundeni Russian federal okwamanje, unikezwa ukuguqulwa yamuva (ikakhulukazi kusukela District Southern Federal kwabelwe North-zaseCaucasia Federal District)? Ngo-March 2014 mayelana nesigameko izenzakalo zezombusazwe e-Ukraine futhi inhlolovo eCrimea kwamiswa ngomunye isifundazwe sikahulumeni -Krymsky District. Ngakho, singasho ukuthi kukhona izifunda 9 nje federal, ephendula umbuzo mayelana kangakanani izifunda waseRussia. Ukudala uhlelo ezinjalo uhulumeni uye waqinisa ukulawula likahulumeni phezu izifunda, ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ezimisweni eziyisisekelo umfelandawonye quin, Russian Federation cha is dlela ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo. isizinda Legislative ezikhonzini Russia ufakwe kutfotjelwa umthetho kahulumeni. Federal District of Russia kumephu wezwe ezimakwe nge imibala ehlukene, ngakho ungakwazi ngokushesha ukuthola lapho County, futhi lapho izifunda afakiwe kule yunithi zokuphatha.

Final isithombe iyunithi zokuphatha-indawo ye-Russian Federation

kakade Senzile nenombolo DOF futhi manje baqonde, lokho izifunda federal eRussia khona. Futhi lokho okubukeka ngayo:

• Central Federal District (eMoscow).
• North-West Federal District (Petersburg).
• Southern Federal District (Rostov-on-Don).
• North-zaseCaucasia Federal District (Pyatigorsk).
• Far Eastern Federal District (eKhabarovsk).
• ESiberia Federal District (Novosibirsk).
• Ural FD (Ekaterinburg).
• IVolga Federal District (Nizhny Novgorod).
• Crimean FD (Simferopol).

Konke lokhu angaphansi ogunyaziwe omele inhloko yezwe, okuyinto yena, ngokuqondile ilawulwe uMongameli Russia. izindawo lakhe ubuchwepheshe kuhlanganisa imisebenzi lokuphatha nokulawula, okuyiwona iyunithi yadalwa, ehlanganisa ezifundeni ezahlukene obuhlukahlukene inani neminyango. Njengamanje, singasho ukuthi isifundazwe sikahulumeni Russia (ukwakheka zalamaqembu.I) sihambisana nezidingo esibekiwe kahulumeni.