Intuthuko engokomoyaInkolo

Ziyini amaqiniso amane eBuddhism?

Eminyakeni engaba ngu-2 500 eyedlule, okunye okuhlangenwe nakho okukhulu okungokomoya okwakwaziwa isintu kwaqalwa. Isikhulu samaNdiya u-Siddhartha Gautama Shakyamuni sifike embusweni okhethekile, Ukukhanyiselwa, futhi sakha enye yezinkolo zomhlaba ezindala kunazo zonke - iBuddhism.

Okuncane mayelana neBuddha

Izindlovu zeminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kukaPrince Siddhartha ziyaziwa kahle. Wakhulela ngokunethezeka, engazi izinkinga nezinkathazo, kuze kube yilapho ngolunye usuku kwenzeka ukuthi abhekane nezinhlupheko zomuntu ezilula: ukugula, ukuguga nokufa. Ngaleso sikhathi uSiddhartha waqaphela ukuthi ukukhohlisa nokungahambisani nalokho abantu ababiza ngokuthi "injabulo." Wahamba uhambo olude lwayo yedwa ukuze athole indlela yokusindisa abantu ekuhluphekeni.

Ukwaziswa ngokuphila kwalowo muntu kuncike kakhulu ezindabeni eziningi, futhi kukhona ulwazi oluncane kakhulu. Kodwa kubalandeli banamuhla bamaBuddha, ifa elingokomoya leGautama kubaluleke kakhulu. Ezimfundisweni azenzile, imithetho yokuphila komhlaba yasichazwa, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kufinyeleleke ekukhanyeni kwaqinisekiswa. Ukuhlinzekwa kwayo okuyinhloko kungatholakala ku "Dharmachakra Launching Sutra" - umthombo oveza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi yiziphi iqiniso eliyinhloko leBuddhism elenziwe uGautama.

Omunye we- Indian sutras yasendulo uthi emlandweni wesintu kuyoba khona amaBuddha angama-1000 emhlabeni (okungukuthi, labo abaye bathola ukukhanya). Kodwa uShakyamuni wayengewona owokuqala futhi waba nabokuqala abathathu. Kukholelwa ukuthi uBuddha omusha uzovela esikhathini lapho izimfundiso ezakhiwe yilo owedlule zizoqala ukwehla. Kodwa bonke kumele benze izifiso eziyishumi nambili ezikhethekile, njengoba uGautama akwenza ngesikhathi sakhe.

Ukuvela kwemfundiso yamaqiniso amane ahloniphekile

4 amaqiniso ahloniphekile eBuddhism achazwe ngokuningiliziwe "kwi-Sutra yokuqaliswa kweGileyadi yeDharma", okuhunyushwe ngezilimi eziningi futhi manje sekuyaziwa. Ngokwezincazelo eziqhubekayo zikaShayamamuni, wanikeza izintshumayelo zokuqala ezingu-7 emva kokukhanyiselwa kubalandeli bakhe abathintekayo. Ngokomlando, babona uGautama ehlezi ngaphansi kwesihlahla esizungezwe ukukhanya okukhulu. Kwakuyilokho okokuqala izikhundla zemfundiso, eyaziwa ngokuthi yiBuddhism eyinhloko neyokuqala, neyesikhathini samanje - amaqiniso amane ahloniphekile kanye neNdlela Eyisishiyagalombili - yaqala ukukhulunywa.

Iqiniso leBuddhism ngokufushane

Amaqiniso ahloniphekile eBuddhism angafingqwa kafushane ezindabeni eziningana. Ukuphila komuntu (ngokuqondile, uchungechunge lwezinto ezilandelanayo, uSaraara) uhlupheka. Isizathu salokhu yizo zonke izinhlobo zezifiso. Ukuhlupheka kungagcinwa kuze kube phakade, futhi esikhundleni sayo isifunda esikhethekile sitholakale - nirvana. Ukusebenzisa lokhu kunendlela yokukhonkolo, ebizwa ngokuthi iNdlela Eyisishiyagalombili. Ngakho-ke, amaqiniso amane eBuddhism angaboniswa kafushane njengemfundiso yokuhlupheka, umsuka wayo nezindlela zokuwunqoba.

Iqiniso lokuqala elihloniphekile

Isitatimende sokuqala yiqiniso nge-dukha. Kusuka ku-Sanskrit leli gama livame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi "ukuhlupheka", "ukukhathazeka", "ukunganeliseki". Kodwa kunombono wokuthi igama elinjalo alisho ngokuphelele, futhi igama elithi "dukha" empeleni libhekisela kulo lonke izifiso, izinamathiselo, ezihlala zibuhlungu ngokuzwa.

Echaza amaqiniso amane ahloniphekile eBuddhism, uShakyamuni wathi yonke impilo idlula ngokukhathazeka nokunganeliseki, futhi lokhu kuyindawo evamile yomuntu. Ngesikhathi sokuphela komuntu ngamunye kukhona "izifufula ezine zokuhlupheka": ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, ngesikhathi sokugula, ekugugeni, ngesikhathi sokufa.

Ezintshumayelweni zakhe, uBuddha wabuye wathi "izinhlupheko ezinkulu ezintathu." Isizathu sokuqala kwalokhu sisezinguquko. Owesibini uhlupheka, uthuthukise abanye. Owesithathu uhlanganisa. Ekhuluma ngomqondo wokuthi "ukuhlupheka", kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi kusukela ekubukeni kweBuddhism, libhekisela kunoma yikuphi ukuzwela nomzwelo womuntu, ngisho nalabo, ngokuvumelana nemibono evunyelwe ngokuvamile, bavumelana nomqondo wenjabulo ngangokunokwenzeka.

Iqiniso elibili elihloniphekile

4 Amaqiniso eBuddhism endaweni yesibili atshela ukuthi imvelaphi ye-dukkha. UBuddha wabiza imbangela yokubonakala kokuhlupheka "isifiso esingapheli", ngamanye amazwi, isifiso. Yibo abaphoqelela umuntu ukuba ahlale emjikelezweni we-samsara. Futhi njengoba uyazi, indlela yokuphuma kweketheni lokuzalwa kabusha ngumgomo oyinhloko wamaBuddha.

Njengomthetho, emva kokugcwalisa esinye isifiso, umuntu okwesikhashana uvakashela umuzwa wokuthula. Kodwa ngokushesha kunesidingo esisha, esiba imbangela yokukhathazeka okuqhubekayo, njalo njalo ku-ad infinitum. Ngakho, ukuhlupheka kunomthombo owodwa kuphela - izifiso ezivela njalo.

Isifiso sokwanelisa izifiso nezidingo sisondelene kakhulu nomqondo obalulekile kulefilosofi yaseNdiya njenge karma. Kuyinto iqoqo lemicabango nezenzo zangempela zomuntu. I-Karma into enjengomphumela wezifiso, kodwa futhi iyimbangela yezenzo ezintsha, zesikhathi esizayo. Kule ndlela ukuthi umjikelezo we-samsara usekelwe.

Amaqiniso amane eBuddhism nawo asiza ukuchaza imbangela ye-karma embi. Ngenxa yalokhu, imizwelo emihlanu yahlukaniswa: ukunamathiswa, intukuthelo, umhawu, ukuziqhenya nokungazi. Okunamathiselwe nokuzondwa okubangelwa ukungabi nokuqonda okuyiqiniso okwenzekayo (okungukuthi, umbono ophikisayo weqiniso) yisizathu esiyinhloko sokuphindaphinda kokuhlupheka phakathi nokuzalwa kabusha okuningi.

Iqiniso Eliyintathu Elimangalisayo

Eyaziwa ngokuthi "iqiniso mayelana nokuphela kwe-dukkha" futhi kuletha ekuqondeni ukukhanya. EbuBuddha, kukholelwa ukuthi isimo esingenakuhlupheka, esikhululekile ngokuphelele ezifisweni nasezinxhunxweni, singaphumelela kakhulu. Lokhu kungenziwa ngenhloso yokuzikhethela, besebenzisa amasu okuningiliziwe engxenyeni yokugcina yemfundiso.

Amaqiniso okuchazwa ngokweqile kweqiniso lesithathu elihloniphekile ayaziwa kusukela empilweni yeBuddha. Amakholi ahlanganyela ekuhambeni kwakhe ayevame ukuqonda ukuthi lesi sikhundla sokuqeda konke, ngisho nezifiso ezimbi. Benza ukuxoshwa kwazo zonke izidingo zabo ezingokwenyama futhi bazibandakanya ngokuzithokozisa. Noma kunjalo, uShakyamuni ngokwakhe esesiteji esithile sokuphila kwakhe wenqaba ukubonakaliswa "okweqile" kweqiniso lesithathu. Ngokuningiliziwe ekudaluleni amaqiniso amane eBuddhism, wafakazela ukuthi umgomo oyinhloko - ukugcina "indlela ephakathi", kodwa hhayi ukucindezela zonke izifiso.

IQiniso EliQine Elimangalisayo

Ulwazi lwamaqiniso amane eBuddhism, angeke aphelele ngaphandle komqondo we-Middle Way. Isikhundla sokugcina, sesine sizinikezele kumkhuba oholele ekupheleni kwe-dukkha. Yilokho okwembula ukuthi imfundiso yendlela ye-Eightfold (noma yeMedian), okuyinto eBuddhism iqondwa njengendlela kuphela yokuqeda ukuhlupheka. Futhi ukudabuka, intukuthelo nokuphelelwa yithemba kuzokukhiqizwa yizo zonke izingqondo zomqondo, ngaphandle kokunye-Ukukhanya.

Ukulandela i-Middle Way kuqondwa ngokuthi ibhalansi elungile phakathi kwezinto ezingokwenyama nezingokomoya zokuphila kwabantu. Ukuthakazelisa, ukulutha ngokweqile nokunamathiselwe kunoma yikuphi - okudlulele, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa okuhlukile.

Eqinisweni, izindlela ezinikezwe iBuddha zikhona ngokuphelele. Okuyinhloko ukuzindla. Ezinye izindlela zenzelwe ukusebenzisa wonke amakhono omzimba nomqondo womuntu ngaphandle kokunye. Zifinyeleleke kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabanikazi babo ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Iningi lomkhuba nokushunyayelwa kweBuddha lazinikele ngokukhethekile ekuthuthukiseni lezi zindlela.

Ukukhanya

Ukukhanya kungumgomo omkhulu kunazo zonke wokuthuthukiswa okungokomoya, okuyinto uBuddhism eyayiqaphelayo. Amaqiniso amane ahloniphekile kanye nezinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili ze-Middle Way uhlobo oluthile lwezifundo nezingokoqobo zokufeza lesi simo. Kukholelwa ukuthi ayihlangene nakho konke ukuzwa okufinyeleleka kumuntu ovamile. Imibhalo yamaBuddha ikhuluma ngokukhanyiselwa kunalokho ejwayelekile, ulimi lwezifanekiso kanye nosizo lwezekeliso zefilosofi. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuyiveza nganoma yikuphi indlela yokukhonkolo ngokusebenzisa imiqondo evamile.

Esikhathini isiko samaBuddha, Ukukhanyisa kufana negama elithi "Bodhi," elisho ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "ukuvusa." Kukholelwa ukuthi okusemandleni okuya ngaphesheya kokubona okuvamile okwangempela kufakwe kuwo wonke umuntu. Uma uthola ukukhanya, akunakwenzeka ukulahlekelwa yilo.

Ukwehla nokugxeka ukufundisa

Amaqiniso amane ayisisekelo eBuddhism yimfundiso evamile kuzo zonke izikole zayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqwaba yemifudlana yaseMahayana (iSanskrit "The Great Chariot" - enye yezinkomba ezimbili ezinkulu kanye noHinayana) inamathele ku "Heart Sutra". Njengoba wazi, uyaphika amaqiniso amane ahloniphekile eBuddhism. Ngamafuphi kungabonakaliswa kanje: akukho ukuhlupheka, ngakho-ke, azikho izizathu, ukuphela kanye nendlela yalokhu.

I "heart sutra" ihlonishwa eMahayana Buddhism njengenye yemithombo eyinhloko. Iqukethe incazelo yezimfundiso ze-Avalokiteshvara, i-botshisattva (okungukuthi, owenze isinqumo sokukhanyiselwa ukuze kuzuze bonke abaphilayo). "I-Heart Sutra" ngokuvamile ihlinzekwa umqondo wokuqeda izinkolelo.

Ngokusho kwe-Avalokiteshvara, izihloko eziyinhloko, ezifaka amaqiniso angu-4 ahloniphekile, zinikezela umzamo wokuchaza iqiniso. Futhi umqondo wokuhlupheka nokunqoba kwawo ungomunye wabo. "I-Heart Sutra" idinga ukuqonda nokukwamukela izinto njengoba kunjalo ngempela. I-BT yeqiniso ayikwazi ukuqonda iqiniso ngendlela ehlanekeziwe, ngakho-ke, akabheki umqondo wokuhlupheka okuyiqiniso.

Ngokwezinye izazi zanamuhla eziphathelene nefilosofi yaseMpumalanga, amaqiniso amane eBuddhism - lokhu "okungeziwe" kwamuva ku-Siddhartha Gautama. Ekucabangeni kwabo bancika kakhulu emiphumeleni yokutadisha imibhalo eminingi yasendulo. Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi akuyona nje imfundiso yamaqiniso ahloniphekile, kodwa futhi neminye imiqondo eminingi ehlotshaniswa noShakyamuni, ayihlobene ngokuqondile empilweni yakhe futhi yakhiwa abalandeli bakhe kuphela emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva.

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