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Abantu bakudala. abantu sidilizwa: ukukhula, ukubukeka, amakhono ayisisekelo kanye umsebenzi

Njengoba kwashiwo kuyi-idatha yesayensi, abantu ekuseni uvele iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-4 edlule. Zeminyaka, baye kwazivelela, okungukuthi ngcono hhayi kuphela ngokuya ukuthuthukiswa emphakathini bakudala, kodwa futhi ngaphandle. anthropology zomlando luhlukanisa abantu bakudala okwesikhathi izinhlobo ezimbalwa, okuyinto ziyaqhubeka kuphumelele nomunye. Yiziphi izici yokwakheka uhlobo abantu bakudala ngamunye, futhi kulokho nkathi yesikhathi bona ibe khona? Konke lokhu, funda ku.

abantu bakudala - ayini?

Kakhulu abantu basendulo wahlala e-Afrika eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2 million edlule. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa uyathola eziningi nemivubukulo. Nokho, ukuthi izidalwa ezingabantu-like lokuqala, ezihambayo ngokuqiniseka ku nemilenze yangemuva (okungukuthi, lesi sici ebaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni indoda bakudala) yaziwa uvele okuningi ngaphambili - iminyaka 4 million edlule. Lesi sici abantu basendulo njengoba bipedalism, saqala ukubonakala ngo-izidalwa ukuthi ososayensi baye banikezwa igama "australopithecines".

Ngenxa yalokho eminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo bafaka Homo habls okuthuthukile, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-"indoda Ukugunda". It salandelwa izidalwa humanoid, kabani abamele nabizelwa Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba, okuyinto elihunyushwe esuka Latin kusho "umuntu waba qotho". Kwaba ngemva cishe kwesigamu sesigidi iminyaka kwakukhona umbono kangcono indoda bakudala, okuyinto okusikhumbuza ngaphezulu labantu yesimanje ezihlakaniphile Zomhlaba - ". Indoda ehlakaniphile" Homo sapiens noma Njengoba singabona kusukela ngenhla, abantu bakudala kancane, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kakhulu ngempumelelo athuthukile, bavula amathuba. Ake sicabangele kabanzi mayelana nokuthi yini ngempela zonke lezi okhokho babantu, iziphi izinto zabo nangalokho olufana.

Australopithecus: izici yangaphandle futhi yokuphila

anthropology zomlando libhekisela nezinkawu sokuqala ngqa australopithecine bahambahambe endaweni nemilenze yabo indluzelekazi. Umsuka lolu hlobo lwabantu bakudala baqala eMpumalanga Afrika, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-4 million edlule. Sekuphele iminyaka ecishe ibe izigidi ezingu 2, lezi zidalwa sisabalale zwekazi. Indoda yasendulo kabani ukukhula kuba khona isilinganiso sabangu-135 cm, has a isisindo ezingekho ngaphezu 55 kg. Ngokungafani izinkawu Australopithecus waba dimorphism ngokobulili evelele, kodwa isakhiwo se-canines e kwabesilisa nabesifazane ayefana. Ugebhezi zilwane lalilincane futhi waba ivolumu engekho ngaphezu kuka-600 cm 3. Umsebenzi oyinhloko Australopithecus cishe nsé ukuthi lapho kwenkawu yesimanje, futhi kungagcini umkhiqizo wokudla futhi asivikele ezitheni zemvelo.

Homo habilis: nokwakheka yokuphila

Homo habilis (igama lesiLatini elisho "indoda Ukugunda") njengoba ehlukile ezimele uhlobo humanoid yavela eminyakeni 2 million edlule e-Afrika. Lokhu abantu basendulo, ukukhula ngokuvamile sifinyelela 160 cm, kwaba athuthukile kunalaba Australopithecus, ubuchopho - mayelana 700 cm 3. Amazinyo neminwe wemikhawulo eliphezulu Homo habilis kwadingeka cishe ukufana ephelele ne wesintu, kodwa big brow emikhulu kanye nemihlathi wamenza ngifane inkawu. Ngaphezu lokuqoqa indoda Ukugunda walaliswa wahlanganyela abazingela emabhuloki itshe futhi ukusika phezulu isilwane izidumbu zingase zisebenzise ukope ngayo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi i-Homo habilis isidalwa lokuqala humanoid ngamakhono zabasebenzi.

Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba: ukubukeka

izici yokwakheka kwabantu yasendulo eyaziwa ngokuthi Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba, kuwukwanda olukhulu endleleni ivolumu Yekhanda, esangenza ososayensi ukuphikisana ngokuthi ingqondo yabo emadanisekako usayizi nobuchopho yomuntu yesimanje. Brow emikhulu futhi umuntu emihlathini onekhono babe omkhulu, kodwa awazange njengoba liphinyiselwe njengoba ukuthi ngaphambili yabo. Yakha kwaba cishe iyafana kumuntu yesimanje. Kususelwa okutholwe ngemivubukulo, Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba wahola ukuphila ngaphandle kokuzivivinya futhi wayekwazi ukwenza umlilo. Lihlala lolu hlobo amaqembu kahle esikhulu emihumeni. Ngokusobala umsebenzi oyinhloko wabantu Homo habilis lalifuna (ikakhulukazi abesifazane nezingane), nokuzingela nokudoba, yokukhiqiza of izingubo. Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba kwabokuqala bayasiqaphela isidingo kokuqongelela ukudla.

Neanderthal: incazelo ngokubukeka yokuphila

Ingabe AmaNeanderthal uvele ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kwabhalwa ababengaphambi zabo - eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 250 edlule. Kuyini lokhu abantu basendulo, na? ekukhuleni kwayo safinyelela 170 cm, futhi umthamo Yekhanda - 1200 cm 3. Ngaphezu Afrika nase-Asia, okhokho indoda yalungisa eYurophu. Inombolo enkulu AmaNeanderthal baba yiqembu elilodwa lafinyelela abantu 100. Ngokungafani ababengaphambi yabo, baba uhlobo oludala yokukhuluma, ukuvumela abantu siqu abelane ngolwazi kanye ukuxhumana ngaphezulu kahle nomunye. Ngokusobala umsebenzi oyinhloko wabantu ngukhokho womuntu beyifuna. Impumelelo umkhiqizo wokudla zinikeza ezihlukahlukene izikhali: imikhonto, okuseceleni okubukhali eside ezicijile zamatshe, ayesetshenziselwa njengoba imimese, izingibe wemba emhlabathini ngezigxobo. Izinto kwaphumela (isikhumba, isikhumba) Ingabe AmaNeanderthal esetshenziselwa yokukhiqiza izingubo nezicathulo.

Cro-Magnons: esigabeni sokugcina ukuvela indoda bakudala

Cro-magnon noma Homo sapiens (Homo Sapiens) - lena yokugcina eyaziwayo isayensi phansi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo, ogama ukukhula ifinyelele 170-190 cm kwangaphandle ukufana lolu hlobo indoda bakudala nge izinkawu kwaba cishe imperceptible, njengoba kwehle amashiya futhi umhlathi ongezansi isivele akhiphe phambili. . Cro-magnon amathuluzi babungenziwa kuphela itshe, kodwa futhi nezokhuni ithambo. Ngaphezu abazingela lezi okhokho babantu babehilelekile ezolimo nemfuyo amafomu kokuqala (walawula zilo zasendle ezakwazi ukuqhubeka).

Izinga lokucabanga ngesikhathi Cro-magnon kwaba siphezulu kunamanye ngaphambili. Lokhu kwavumela ukuba adale namaqembu omphakathi ahlangana. Esikhundleni isimiso bokuba khona umhlambi wafika uhlelo yezizwana ukusungulwa nakhululwa ezifundisweni zokucathula kwemithetho yomphakathi kanye nomnotho.

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