Amadaka eMpini Yezwe Yesibili - i-USSR kanye neJalimane. Ukusetshenziswa kwemifino eMpini Yezwe II. "Katyusha" - umhlabathi weMpi Yezwe II

Ama-Mortars eMpini Yezwe Yesibili amelela i-artillery ekhaliphile isikhali, ekwazi ukushaya emadolobheni amade nesikhathi esifushane noma yiziphi izitha zokudubula. Njengoba bephethe izikhali zabo ezihlukahlukene zokufakelwa kwamatshe, amaqembu aphikisanayo angaphumelela ngokubhekana nanoma yikuphi ukuhanjiswa kokulwa okunikeziwe.

Umlando wezikhali zempi

E-1904 ekude, evikela iPort Arthur, izikhulu zaseRussia uSp. Vlasyev noL. Gotyabo benza i-artillery isikhali esingavamile ngesibhamu. I-47-mm ye-cannon ye-naval yayihloswe ukulenga ukudubula ezinhlosweni zesitha. Ububanzi bendiza yokufakwa okunjalo kwakuncane, kuphela ngamamitha angu-400-500 kuphela.

Kamuva izingcebe zeMpi Yezwe Lokuqala zazisetshenziswa njengendlela ephumelelayo yokulwa nemigodi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kusungulwa kwezinto kuye kwaba isikhali esinqabileyo. Ama-Mortars eMpini Yezwe Yesibili aletha izinkinga eziningi kumajoni aseJalimane.

Umshini wawusimeni lesimanje ngenxa yemodeli yokuqala yesakhiwo seStokes. I-trunk-trunk emasinini amabili anezibungu ezithwala ipuleti yensimbi esicwebezelayo evala ukubuyela kwesibhamu emhlabathini.

Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwempi neJalimane, uhulumeni waseSoviet waqala ukuhlakulela ngokuhlukumeza izikhali ezingabizi futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ukukhiqiza okukhulu, ngokukholelwa ukuthi kuzosusa izikhali eziningi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukukhiqizwa komthumeli we-grenade othomathikhi owenziwe yi-Taubin wamiswa okwesikhashana, okwathi phakathi novivinyo lwama-tactical ngo-1937, lwabonakala luyisikhali esihle kakhulu sokulwa senhlobo elinyanyisiwe.

Umkhawulo wendwangu-37-mm

Ngo-1938, ikakhulukazi ezinyunithi zokudoba, kwakhiwa isilwane esincane esingamamitha angu-37 mm. Umlobi wophiko lokulwa lalinguMG Dyakonov, umklami odumile wamadivayisi aqhuma futhi nezinhlamvu zamabhomu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakhiwa: i-grenade i-RGD-33 yesandla, isihluthulelo se-gun grenade.

Ezimweni zokuhamba, indawo engama-37-mm ingafaniswa nefosholo ejwayelekile. Ukudubula okuvela kulolu hlobo lwesikhali kwenziwa yizimayini zokuhlukaniswa. Ubhapathizo lomlilo Dyakonov's mortar wathola umkhankaso waseFinland.

Ngeshwa, ububanzi nokuchithwa kokudubula kwalesi sikhali kwasala kakhulu. Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwe-37-m mortar kunqunywe ukuhoxiswa ekukhiqizeni futhi kususwe i-Red Army kusukela e-arsenal. Kodwa ukuphila kuye kwahlukana ngokuhlukile. Ukusetshenziswa kwemifino eMpini Yezwe II 37 mm ukulinganisela sekutholile ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Ebusika ngo-1942, ngenxa yokusekelwa komlilo kwamadaka kaDyakonov, ama-paratroopers of the air air 4 aphumelela eduze kwedolobha laseVyazma.

Izimpawu zobuciko nobuchwepheshe bomdanso wama-37:

• Isibalo sesibhamu singama-37 mm.
• Isisindo - 2.4 kg.
• Isivinini semayini singama-65-70 m / s.
• Ibanga elincane lingama-60 m.
• Ububanzi obuphezulu bemayini buyi 250 m.
• Isisindo se-projectile (imayini) ngu-0.5 kg.

Umdaka womdaka we-1938 no-1940. (I-Caliber 50 mm)

Ukukhiqiza okuyi-serial kwalesi sigameko sokuqothulwa kwamabutho kwaqalwa imboni yezempi yaseSoviet Union ngo-1939. Umthuthukisi uyi-design yokuhlola eholwa yi-BI Shavyrin. NgokweSikimu, udoti luhlelwe eceleni kwesinxantathu esicabanga. I-trumpet-barrel kanye ne-monolithic biped nge-lifting mechanism kwakuyihlangothini lwalonxantathu, kanti eceleni lwesithathu lokucabangela kwakuwumugqa phakathi kokusekelwa kanye nokuhamba.

Izimpawu zenkampani yomsaka 50-mm caliber 1938 yokukhululwa:

• I-Caliber - 50 mm.
• Isisindo - 17 kg.
• Isivinini semayini singama-95 m / s.
• Ububanzi obuphezulu besibhamu ngu-800 m.
• Izinga lomlilo li-32 nxazonke ngomzuzu.
• Isisindo se-projectile (imayini) singu-0.85 kg.

Esikhathini esizayo, lo mklamo wenziwa ngcono ku-Design Bureau ye-VN Shamarin. Futhi ngo-1940 kwakhiwa umshini omusha we-50-mm mortar unit. Kusukela ngoJune 22, 1941, izibhamu eziyi-50-mm zaqala ukuba yi-Red Army, inani lazo lafinyelela ngamayunithi angu-24 000. Eyaziwa ngokukhethekile lezi zidumbu zeMpi Yezwe Yesibili azizange zisebenzise.

Ekupheleni kuka-1943, ambalwa amasosha ezempi asebenzisa lolu hlobo lwezikhali. Isizathu sasiwukuthi ibanga elincane lokudubula lafika ngamamitha angu-800 nje kuphela, okwenza ukubala kwamanani kufinyelele eduze ngokusemandleni ezikhundleni zesitha. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-combat units ahlupheka kakhulu. Okuthandwayo ngokukhethekile lolu hlobo lokufakwa kwamatshe lwalusetshenziswa abalingani, abaze bawasebenzisa ekugcineni kwempi ku-arsenal yabo.

Ibhotela le-82mm

Ngo-1936, i-RKKA yayisetshenziselwa indawo yodaka eyenziwe eLeningrad SKB-4 ngaphansi kwesimo se-DI Shavyrin. Ukubhapathizwa kwakhe kwezempi ngamamitha angu-82-millimeter kwenzeke empini e-Khalkhin-Gol, ngemuva kokuziqinisa njengesikhali sokulwa esingathembeki esingakwazi ukushaya amathekithi esitha ekude. Kamuva lezi zicucu zezikhali zaziyizinsuku zamanje.

Ngakho-ke, izinguqulo ezintsha zomhlabathi we-82-mm zivela njalo ngonyaka phakathi nayo yonke imisebenzi yokulwa. Lezi zidumbu zeMpi Yezwe II Wakhonza ngokwethembeka isikhathi eside. Ukusebenza kokulwa okufanayo kwamabutho aseSoviet kwakungekho ngaphandle kwalesi sikhali.

Ukusetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kwemifucumfutho eMpini Yezwe II yalesi sizathu kwaholela ekuboneni ukuthi kwakuyisibonelo somqulu okhanyayo we-mortar "ka-1981" ka-1981.

Izikhali ze-Wehrmacht

Amaminithi aseJalimane weMpi Yezwe Yesibili yamatshe Kwaqalwa ama-calibers ahlukene, ngoba i-Arsenal ye-Wehrmacht yodaba yayinezinhlelo ezimbalwa, 50 mm no-81 mm ngo-1936 no-1932 ngokulandelana.

Ngokwezici ezithile zezobuchwepheshe ze-Wehrmacht zaziphakeme kunabanye babo baseSoviet. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kusize amabutho aseJalimane ukuba agcwalise umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko - ukunqoba impi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imithini yempi yaseJalimane yeMpi Yezwe II yeminyaka engu-81 yayisetshenziswa ibutho laseSoviet ngemva kokunqoba. Ngendlela, kuze kube ngu-1955.

Izidumbu ezisebenzayo zeMpi Yezwe Yesibili

AmaJalimane afunda iqiniso lokuthi i-Red Army yayinezikhali ezingakaze zenzeke empilweni yayo ekuqaleni kwempi.

Ngokokuqala ngqá, ibutho lezempi lamatshe e-rocket ngaphansi komyalo kaKaputeni Flerov libhekene nenkinga enkulu e-Orsha ngoJulayi 14, Ngokwebufakazi babasindile bamaNazi, isibhamu sangempela somlilo sashaya umzila wesitimela. Ibhethri lama-rocket mortars ayizange ifakwe ngama-projectiles alula, kodwa ngezingxube ezingcolile zomlilo. Amasosha nezisebenzi zaseJalimane bashisa umhlaba phansi kwezinyawo zabo.

Inkazimulo ye-"Katyusha" edumile isakazekela yonke indawo ngaphambili. Bayazi ngakho ngemuva. Imayini yezimfumba zeMpi Yezwe II yenziwa yizwe lonke. Isiqubulo esisodwa sabantu bonke sasithi: "Yonke into phambili, yonke into yokunqoba".

Imfihlo "Katyusha" - udaka weMpi Yezwe Yesibili

Isimiso esiyisisekelo samaGadi ezidakamizwa ngumsebenzi wokuvikela izikhundla zokulwa. Ukuhamba ngesimo sezulu esibhakabhakeni noma ebusuku, ukuze isitha asikwazi ukubona. Endabeni yemvelo, konke kwacatshangwa futhi. Umshini ngamunye uhlanjululwe, ngengozi encane yokuthunjwa, ukufakwa kufanele kukhishwe. Kwakungaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo ukuthi ibhethri likaCaptain Flerov lashona nomlawuli wakhe.

Ngo-1942, amaJalimane ayenamandla okubamba imoto yokulwa, kodwa awazange akwazi ukudala izikhali ezifana noKatyusha. Imbonini yezempi yaseSoviet yayisilokhu ikwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwemithi yamanzi.

Usizo Oluhlangene

Kusukela ngo-1943, izidakamizwa zaseSoviet zeMpi Yezwe Yesibili ziye zafakwa hhayi kuphela emalini afuywayo i-ZiS-6 nama-tractor alandelwayo i-STZ-5, kodwa ngezimoto zokuqashisa ezisezindaweni eziphakeme "Ford", "Austin" naseStudebaker. Kuthuthukiswe "i-Katyusha" nezinhlamvu ezintsha.

Ngokuyinhloko, iziqalisi ezisebenzayo zithole amaphekula amakhulu ama-300-mm. Babehloselwe izakhiwo zokuzivikela eziqinile. Njengomthetho, i-Katyusha yahlushwa izikwele. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona amacala lapho iziqalisi kwakuzosetshenziselwa ezinye izinjongo.

Impi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni

Isibonelo, ngesikhathi se-Vistula-Oder ukusebenza okuhlaselayo ukuze kuphulwe izindonga eziphakeme ngamamitha angu-8 wePoznan Citadel, amagobolondo aqoshiwe yamandla aphakeme eziqhameni ayekhishwa ukuze aqondise ukukhanya. Ububanzi bokudubula "Katyusha" kwakungamakhilomitha amane nengxenye, futhi ku-tip ngqo - eyodwa kuphela. Ukudubula ibanga elifushane kwakungeke kwenzeke.

Noma kunjalo, amadoda e-Guardsmen-mortar akwazi ukuvumelanisa nezikhali zabo ezinamandla zokulwa emgwaqweni. Ukusuka eMoscow kuya eBerlin, abalindi baseKatyusha, udoti lweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, bathatha iqhaza kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokulwa.

Ekupheleni kwempi, i-BM-13 yayiyisikhali sokubhujiswa okukhulu. Isibongo sokuqala esisemthethweni e-Great Patriotic War kwaba ngo-Agasti 1943, ngokudumisa inkululeko ye-Eagle neBelgorod. Waba yi-echo yamavolumu wokuqala e-Katyush ngoJulayi 1941.

Amaqiniso anentshisekelo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi izidumbu zeMpi Yezwe Yesibili azibhubhisi nje kuphela imigomo yomhlaba.

Ngo-1942, ngesikhathi evikela iSevastopol, u- Lutenant Vladimir Simonok osemncane wadubula phansi amaJunkers aseJalimane ngokusuka endaweni engama-82-mm, ehamba kancane phezu kwezikhundla zamaSoviet. Lokhu kwakuwukuphela kwecala kulo lonke i-Great Patriotic War, lapho ukubalwa kwamanzi kuthinta imoto yezitha. Ngenxa yalolu daba oluhle, i-lieutenant junior Vladimir Polikarpovich Simonk wanikezwa isihloko seHero of the Soviet Union. Ngeshwa, u-lieutenant wafa ngo-1942, evikela iSastopol.

Izibalo zempi

Kuyathakazelisa ukuqhathanisa ukuthi isilinganiso esilinganiselwe kanjani emadodeni we-USSR weMpi Yezwe yesibili akhishwe ngokuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe. Ngakho, izinombolo:

• I-United States of America ikhishwe esikhathini kusukela ngoJulayi 1940 kuya kuJulayi 1945 cishe amayunithi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-111 zemishini yempi.
• Imboni yezempi yaseBrithani kuze kube nini nanini, futhi lokhu kungu-1939-1944, kukhishwe izikhali eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-97 zezikhali zamakilasi.
• IJalimane kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-1941 kuze kube phakathi kuka-1944 yakwazi ukuqinisa ibutho layo ngokufaka izakhiwo ezingaba ngu-70,000.
• Kusukela ngoJulayi 1, 1941 kuya kuJuni 30, 1945, iSoviet Union yakhiqiza izingodo zemishini engama-348,000.

Lezi zibalo zibonisa ukuthi izidumbu zeMpi Yezwe II ye-USSR, zathandwa kakhulu futhi zenza umnikelo obalulekile ekunqobeni iJalimane lamaNazi.