Asemaqeleni Polovtsian: incazelo, umlando, abantu amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Igama elithi "asemaqeleni Polovtsian" lalisetshenziswa Ephakathi ukuqoka enkulu asemaqeleni Eurasia, okuyiqembu Cumans enkulu wahlala. Okokuqala, igama washaya yasePheresiya, bese-ke kwaduma kwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise eRussia. Arab futhi wasebenzisa igama elithi "Kipchak isinyathelo", ie. K. Polovtsi bebelokhu baziwa njengoba kypchaki. Lezi izizwe labetibambile zintengantenga esifundeni ekhulwini XI-XI. Ukuphela ukubusa kwabo imakwe amaMongol ahlasele.

Befuna ikhaya elisha

Ayisebenzi asemaqeleni Polovtsian ihlanganisa isikhala omkhulu. Yaqala ngebhange kwesokunxele iDanube, ensimini ka eziyiRomania. Namakamu matasa amazwe esimanje Moldova, Ukraine, eRussia naseKazakhstan. Iphuzu esisempumalanga kungenziwa ngokuthi Lake Balkhash. Ngo waseningizimu asemaqeleni kwakuyiBlack Sea, iziNtaba zaseCaucasus, yoLwandle iCaspian kanye lulwimi ezingwadule-Asia Ephakathi. Enyakatho yabeka umngcele wemvelo efomini yamahlathi sifinyelela ongenhla Dnieper, amazwe North-Eastern Russia, iVolga Bulgaria, eMfuleni Kama kanye Irtysh. Futhi asemaqeleni Polovtsian lahlukaniswa laba entshonalanga (kusukela eDanube kuya yoLwandle iCaspian) kanye empumalanga (kusukela iCaspian ukuze Altai).

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XI Kipchak waphila osebeni Irtysh. Kodwa emhlabeni 1030, bathuthela entshonalanga, ngokuba omkhulu eMpumalanga Yurophu. Izindawo kwakungelona elinokuthula. Entshonalanga, Cumans zaxoshwa emakhaya abo Pechenegs futhi abantu baseHungary. Kwakuwusuku bamba amadlelo amasha. Lutho neze abayimizulane babe ncamashi ngubani they hlangabeza emazweni kude entshonalanga. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi akekho kulaba izizwe asemaqeleni eMpumalanga Yurophu abakwazanga ukubamba ukuhlaselwa kwabo.

omakhelwane polovtsev

Ekuqaleni XI leminyaka Polovtsian asemaqeleni atholwe abanikazi ezintsha, owayehlala endaweni imithetho ezinzima intando yeningi lempi. Ukuhlasela (ngakhoke Ukuthuthela bonke abantu) eliholwa izinduna abanamakhono ababefuna ukuqashelwa enkundleni yempi. Ukuze idivayisi ayimizulane lingamandla kwaba ikuyo yonke indawo. zitha Iningi babenesithakazelo esifundeni, enyakatho lapho waqala Rus. asemaqeleni Polovtsian ehlanganiswa nazi evundile kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, ofanele kakhulu kokudla izinkomo namahhashi, ngaphandle lapho asemaqeleni akazange bamele ukuphila kwakhe. Lawa kwakungamadodana Azov futhi Lower Don amazwe. Futhi kulolu chungechunge zihlanganisa esifundeni zamanje IDonetsk Ukraine (namuhla kukhona epaki landscape "asemaqeleni Polovtsian").

Ngaphambi kulezi zindawo bebephila Pechenegs kanye baseBulgaria. Eduze sifinyelela engenhla Northern eDonets babe ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki futhi akude lapho abakhwele amahhashi ayimizulane safinyelela kwaba nzima impela. Kwakukhona Alans - izinsalela abanikazi yangaphambili ehlathini-asemaqeleni. Futhi e sifinyelela engezansi iVolga elalikhona ngaphambi the Khazar Khanate, wabhubhisa Slavic ibutho Svyatoslav Kiev. Inani labantu base-la mazwe kancane exutshwe Polovtsy futhi abanye ngashintsha nokubukeka kwabo inqubo nokwenziwa.

cauldron yobuhlanga

Ukuthola ezindaweni ezintsha, Kipchak baba omakhelwane guzskih futhi Pecheneg izindimbane. Lezi abayimizulane ethile yafeza indima ebalulekile lichaza ekwakheni umphakathi omusha Polovtsian. Ithonya Guz futhi Pechenegs umthelela amasiko emathuneni amakhosi entsha emaqeleni. Ukuhlala ngasosebeni loMfula we Irtysh, polovtsy wathela izindunduma itshe. Isidumbu sakhe ekhanda kufanelekile ukuya empumalanga. Ngempela ezibekwe esinye eduze izidumbu ihhashi, okuyinto izinyawo otchlenyali. Kulokhu Polovtsy asemaqeleni kwakuvamile ukuba isici. Sinenkosi idumisa efanayo bangcwatshwa kokubili amadoda nabesifazane.

Endaweni entsha yokuhlala, lezi emikhosini babé esilufifi ku umsuka wamasiko endala bendawo. Esikhundleni izindunduma itshe weza yokwemba elula. Kunalokho, ihhashi waqala ukuba ngingcwabe khona isithombe sakhe obala yakhe. Umzimba manje yokubeka ikhanda uma uya entshonalanga. Ushintsho E-kuqhutshwa inkonzo yomngcwabo ayikwazanga ngcono njani eziphikelelayo izinguquko yobuzwe wazibonela asemaqeleni Polovtsian. Inani labantu base-kule ndawo bekulokhu engalingani njalo. Polovtsi ngesibalo Kwakungafanele ngisho eziningi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomakhelwane bayo. Kodwa ngiwo amabili eminyaka esifundeni ukudlalwa violin kuqala, ngoba phakathi kwabo kwakukhona ojenene kakhulu usasebenza futhi usenamandla, ukuze umoya wenkosi izimbangi kanye izimbangi.

Ukuthola lenkaba

abavubukuli zanamuhla kalula Uchaze insimu, okuyinto Ephakathi wathatha Cumans, sibonga izici ukubaza itshe. Esifanekisweni okuqala uvele ogwini olusenyakatho loLwandle Azov futhi sifinyelela engezansi Seversky eDonets. Kuyinto ukubaza flat futhi stelovidnye esibonisa ebusweni futhi Kwezinye izingxenye sibalo womuntu (izingalo, esifubeni). Lezi imidwebo noma ethathelwe noma enziwa ngendlela imifanekiso ongaphakeme.

Ngisho ayehlasela namaMongol asemaqeleni Polovtsian akazange ababhubhise laba izikhumbuzo lengubo okuqinisekile. Statue okubonisa kokubili amadoda nabesifazane, futhi bebelokhu izimfanelo saziso amathempelana kwezizwe, lapho yena, zazisekelwe esiteji nomadism yesibili. Ngemva esigabeni sokuqala (ehlasela futhi ukuthuthela uqobo) Polovets Umphakathi uhlaliseke. Hlela nemizila ayimizulane. Baye bathola unomphela ebusika kanye nasehlobo yokupaka. Ukukhulisa eziqoshiwe zenkolo asemaqeleni kugcizelelwe: zingabantu ekhaya labo elisha isikhathi eside.

Cumans neRussia

Ubufakazi lokuqala njengabafokazi Polovtsy zihlanganisa 1030 sika. Uma baqala ukuhlela imikhankaso lokuqala ehlasela omakhelwane babo ukuze yokuphangwa. Okunethezekile labantu emazweni yobuKristu nandaba okwakwenzeka e asemaqeleni zasendle futhi ezikude. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala zazikhuluma mayelana Polovtsy nakanye ngezikhathi lapho behlasela emzini wabo.

Eliseduze umakhelwane abayimizulane entsha (njengoba kunjalo ne Pechenegs) kwaba Russ. Ngokokuqala ngqá Cumans Uzame atshontsha ocebile emazweni East lwamaSlavic 1060. Khona-ke ukuhlangabezana izivakashi bengamenyiwe kwesokunxele ibutho Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov Yaroslavovych. Kwaba ngaphansi kane kuka isixuku dwellers asemaqeleni, kodwa lokho akuzange kuwumise squad Russian beat isitha. Ngalowo nyaka, abantu abayimizulane abaningi babulawa futhi ziminze amanzi omfula futhi. Nokho, umhlangano kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe enkingeni kuphela, okuyinto ebesezilungele umthelekele Russia.

standoff eside

Kuze 1060 empumalanga emazweni Slavic akekho owayazi ngempela ukuthi asemaqeleni Polovtsian. Njengoba sekunama-emngceleni abayimizulane zasendle futhi kuyadlondlobala, okuyinto bagula kakhulu ukwedlula Pechenegs, izakhamuzi iRussia yayinabantu yezimo abhekene ukujwayela komakhelwane entsha edabukisayo. Ukuze omunye eminyaka cishe amabili Polovtsy njalo bazicanasele endaweni yabo.

Ukuze Russia le ukuphikiswa nayingozi nzima ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ekhulwini XI, ngaphambi isimo abangabodwa liye langena isigaba kwehlukana zezombusazwe. ekhona Ngaphambili Monolithic Kiev amandla wakwazi ukulwa emigomeni esilinganayo izinsongo ukuthi exudes asemaqeleni Polovtsian. Ikakhulukazi division of Russia kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi insimu yalo Iye yaba khona principalities eziningana ezimele. Ngokuvamile, basuke nje kuphela united imizamo yabo ekulweni asemaqeleni, kodwa futhi walwa emelene nomunye.

usongo entsha

Polovtsi ukuxabana ivame ndaba zalutho, impango sekudingiselweni izigqila izakhamuzi ukuzilwela nemizana eningizimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abayimizulane waqala ukuqasha inkonzo amanye nezikhulu, lapho walwa izihlobo zabo kusukela principalities engumakhelwane. Ngakho polovtsy lwangena ngokukhululekile ezijulile eRussia futhi kukhona ukuchitheka kwegazi uchinyali.

umthetho Polovtsian emaqeleni ezindawo eMpumalanga Yurophu unyamalale ngemuva ezivela e-Asia kwafika nomunye wave labantu abayimizulane. Lawa kwakungamadodana amaMongol. Ziziningi nakakhulu, ngesihluku futhi unya. Kwaphela amakhulu amabili eminyaka, emaphethelweni-Europe Cumans ngomqondo, babe eduze impucuko. Imikhuba yamaMongol babe obuqinile kakhulu futhi ukuba nenkani ngaphezulu.

Ukunyamalala Polovtsian

Ngokokuqala ngqá ibutho elisha ihlasela izwe Polovtsy e 1220 sika. I last ahlangane nezikhulu isiRashiya, kodwa lahluleka kwasani ku Battle of the River Kalka. Akekho kulindeleke usongo esibi kangaka ukuthi umelwe amaMongol. Emaqeleni Polovtsian konke kwakuthandeka izinguquko ezinkulu. Ngemva kwalokho kuhlasela kuqala-Mongolian evele emuva. Nokho, ngo-1236, babuyela. Ngeminyaka embalwa nje, baye wawina bonke asemaqeleni Polovtsian kuze kube semngceleni nge Hungary. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baye wanithwesa inkokhiso eRussia.

Polovtsi hhayi kwanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba, kepha baphila ebugqileni isikhundla. Kancane kancane, laba bantu exutshwe amaMongol izindimbane. Kule nokwenziwa iphutha AmaTatar, Bashkirs, nokunye. D. Njengoba XIII ngekhulu, igama elithi "asemaqeleni Polovtsian" luye lwaba zakudala.