Uhulumeni iSigele: imisebenzi. Ukudalwa iSigele

Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi IPetra Velikogo eRussia uvele Uhulumeni iSigele. Ezalandela amabili eminyaka, lokhu igunya lomphakathi izikhathi eziningi kabusha ngokwentando lomunye nkosi.

Ukuvela iSigele

Uhulumeni iSigele adalwe uPetru mina njengomuntu "ukuphepha isiguqo" uma kwenzeka ukuhamba kusukela enhlokodolobha eNgophezukonke. Inkosi yayaziwa uhlamvu akhe asebenzayo - wayengumuntu sendleleni njalo, yingakho umshini isimo akhe ngabikho kungaba kokungenzi lutho izinyanga. Kwakuwusuku izindleko okubonakalayo absolutism. Ngempela uPetru wayengumuntu kuphela incarnation amandla wombuso wonke umbuso omkhulu.

Lasekuqaleni Uhulumeni iSigele (1711) safika abangane abaseduze nabasizi yenkosi, possessed ukuqiniseka kwakhe eside. Phakathi kwabo, uPetru Golitsyn, Mihail Dolgorukov Gregory Volkonsky nezinye izicukuthwane esiphakeme.

Ukudalwa iSigele ngaphansi Petru 1 iphutha ngesikhathi sokudideka lapho kwakungekho ngokwahlukana ecacile amandla e-Russia (the zokwahlulela, mphathi nezomthetho). Ngakho-ke, uhla amandla zomzimba kushintsha njalo kuye ngokuthi isimo futhi kufaneleka.

Ukuze wakhe wokuqala uPetru senators wamemezela ukuthi kufanele unake okukhethekile isimo yengcebo, ezohwebo kanye nempahla. Kubalulekile ukuthi kulesi sikhungo ayikaze ukuphikiswa enkosini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Russian iSigele Kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho ephelele igama elifanayo emzimbeni we Poland engomakhelwane noma Sweden. Kukhona leso sikhungo emelelwa izithakazelo basebukhosini kuphela, okungase isinyathelo ngokumelene inqubomgomo nkosi yabo.

Ukuxhumana ne izifundazwe

Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, Umkhandlu Wezigele Uhulumeni wasebenza izifunda. Huge iRussia kudingeka njalo uhlelo oluyimpumelelo nokubambisana phakathi izifundazwe kanye nenhlokodolobha. Ngaphansi abazolandela ka uPetru ongumKristu waba oda inethiwekhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Mayelana izinguquko ezinkulu kuwo wonke amazinga okuphila, abasaphili iphumelela.

Lokho sifundazwe uPetru wadala. Ibhizinisi ngalinye zokuphatha lithole Commissioner ezimbili. Lezi zikhulu basebenzé ngqo Senate futhi yabonisa isithakazelo Petersburg Isifundazwe. Ngosizo izinguquko ngenhla uMbusi wandisa kwenkululeko ukuzibusa ezifundazweni.

Fiscals kanye abashushisi

Yiqiniso, ukudalwa iSigele wayengeke akwenze ngaphandle ukusungulwa new posts okuhlobene nomsebenzi wakhe. Kanye ingxenye entsha ebonakala sneaks. Lezi zikhulu babe ngababonisi yenkosi. Bona elawulwa umsebenzi izikhungo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke imiyalelo yenkosi wenziwa kahle indlela esasizizwa ngayo zokugcina.

Ukuba khona sneaks kwaholela ukuhlukumeza. Le ndoda, onamandla kakhulu, wayekwazi ukusebenzisa isikhundla sakhe ukuze bazizuzise bona. Okokuqala zazingekho ngisho nokuba khona isijeziso ngokomthetho yesijeziso sokubalahla zamanga. Mayelana isevisi sneaks impikiswano ngolimi Russian ithole engeyinhle yesibili incazelo lucebe impimpi kanye hlala.

Noma kunjalo, ukudalwa lokhu okuthunyelwe kwaba nesilinganiso esifanele. Induna hlola (abakhulu spy) ungafuna incazelo kusuka kunoma iyiphi ezisemthethweni iSigele. Ngenxa eziyimbangela yalokhu njalo ezihloniphekayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuphakama kwesikhundla sakhe, wayazi ukuthi ukungihlukumeza kwakhe siqu kwamandla ongabhubhisa ke. Fiscals owawukhona hhayi kuphela Petersburg, kodwa futhi ezifundazweni (yesifundazwe-fiscals).

Ngokushesha okukhulu, ukudalwa iSigele wabonisa ukuthi igunya lomphakathi ayikwazi ukusebenza kahle ngoba sokulwa okukhona ngaphakathi eqenjini phakathi senators. Ngokuvamile abakwazanga ukuza umbono ezivamile, ophasiswe izingxabano zawo phezu ngabanye, nokunye. D. Lokhu sebehlushwa umsebenzi wonke ama-apharathasi. UPetru wabe e 1722 wadala sokuba SaseJudiya-Jikelele, egcwele umuntu labalulekile eluLwimi iSigele. 'Wayengumuntu ibhuloho "phakathi inkosi kanye nesikhungo wedolobha.

Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi lwesigodlo amasu okugumbuqela imibuso

Ngemva kokufa umsebenzi autocrat iSigele okokuqala iphele sina. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthi esungulwe Ephakeme azitshelwa Council, lapho yahlala aristocrats elandelayo Catherine mina uPetru II. Useye waba elinye ithuba Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye kancane kancane wathatha phezu amandla akhe.

Elizaveta Petrovna ngemva ukubusa kwakhe ngesibindi esihlalweni ukubuyisela oludala. Umkhandlu Wezigele seliphinde laba sikhungo main zokwahlulela zombuso, wayengaphansi ibhodi ezempi kanye asolwandle.

UCatherine II kabusha

Ngakho, iziphi imisebenzi nguMkhandlu umphakathi nezigele Uhulumeni, siyazwisisa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lesi simo akafani de uCatherine II. INdlovukazi entsha wanquma kabusha. Lesakhiwo ihlukaniswe neminyango eziyisithupha, isigaba ngasinye nesibopho ububanzi ethize imisebenzi isimo. Lesi isilinganiso iye yasiza ngokunembile delineate amandla iSigele.

UMnyango lokuqala eyingoduso izindaba zangaphakathi zezombusazwe, kwesibili - enkantolo. Okwesithathu - izifundazwe, eyayintula isimo ekhethekile (Estonia, Livonia, futhi Little Russia), owesine - ezempi kanye nezindaba zasolwandle. Lezi zikhungo babe Petersburg. Asele bobabili ophethe umnyango eMoscow wenkantolo kanye nezindaba zokuphatha. Nakhu imisebenzi wayenikwe Uhulumeni iSigele ngaphansi uCatherine II.

Empress futhi ithuthukiswa kakhulu ithonya Attorney-General phezu umsebenzi yonke iminyango. Phakathi nale nkathi esigodlweni amasu okugumbuqela imibuso , iposi walahlekelwa ukubaluleka yayo yangaphambili. Ekaterina uncamela ukugcina konke ngaphansi kokulawula futhi ngaleyo ndlela abuyiselwe oda sikaPeter autocracy.

Phakathi nokubusa esifushane indodana yakhe uPawulu iSigele futhi walahlekelwa kakhulu ngamalungelo abo. Umbusi omusha wawusola kakhulu. Akazange athembele yamakhosi, possessed ithonya okungenani abanye futhi uzama neqhaza imbangela yomphakathi ekuthathweni kwezinqumo.

Ekhulwini XIX

Njengoba wayesesikebheni kakhulu ekupheleni ukhona (ngaphambi inguquko), Uhulumeni iSigele yasungulwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexander I. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho isimiso sezombusazwe uhlaliseke umbuso. Imise esigodlweni amasu okugumbuqela imibuso, futhi yilowo nalowo efeni isihloko lombusi saphela ilotho.

Cishe u-Alexander kwaba kakhulu nomqondo wentando umbusi waseRussia. Wathola izandla zabo phezu isimo, abasebenza izindlela ephelelwe yisikhathi lapho kungadingeka washintsha ngokushesha. Inkosi entsha wayeqonda ukuthi ukudalwa iSigele (ngonyaka ka 1711-th) wayeshukunyiswa bayafisa ukusiza, kodwa wayenomuzwa wokuthi eminyakeni le umzimba ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka nokuphumelela kwaleso yaphenduka mbumbulu edabukisayo yena.

Ngokushesha ngemva ukubukeka sayo esihlalweni sobukhosi, u-Alexander I ngo-1801 yakhipha isimemezelo lapho wathembisa ukubanika letisebenta kule sikhungo, ukuze ulinike amaphrojekthi kwabo kabusha oluzayo. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kwakukhona nengxoxo asebenzayo umsebenzi phezu Ukukubika iSigele. Ingxoxo yahanjelwa amalunga ekomidi imfihlo - aristocrats abasha, ukuhlonishwa abangane nalabo ka-Aleksandru e nesiqalo zakhe ovulekile.

inqubekela

Senators abamiswe ukuba post yakhe ngu Umbusi ngokwakhe. Bangase kuphela izikhulu ngowokuqala amakilasi amathathu (ngokuvumelana Uhlu Amazinga). Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi le lephalamende kungaba ukuhlanganisa isikhundla eyisisekelo nanoma iyiphi enye. Ngokwesibonelo, lokhu kulungisa livame ukusetshenziswa esimweni impi.

isinyathelo esisheshayo udaba oluthile enziwa izindonga emnyangweni othile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngezikhathi ezithile lapho kubanjwa umhlangano jikelele lapho wonke amalungu iSigele samanje. Isinqumo, lidlule kulomzimba isimo ubengase ukuhlehlisa kuKesari.

imisebenzi

Masikhumbule Uhulumeni iSigele yadalwa yini ngonyaka. Kunjalo, e-1711, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iziphathimandla sikhungo njalo wathatha ingxenye kule nomthetho. Ngokuhamba yezinguquko yayo, u-Alexander I wadala le njongo isikhungo ezikhethekile - uMkhandlu WoMbuso. Nokho, Umkhandlu Wezigele ayesengayigcina ukuthuthukisa ngemithetho ehlongozwayo kanye ukuphakamisa ukuba kuhlolwe eliphakeme nguNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa, obuye ngekhulu XIX kuhlanganiswe okuthunyelwe endala SaseJudiya-Jikelele ngentsha.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kusayithi ye-Ministry of the amabhodi zadalwa. Ekuqaleni kwakukhona ukudideka ngobuhlobo entsha esiphezulu ejensi kanye iSigele. Amandla kwazo zonke izinhlaka, uye ekugcineni sezihlonziwe ekupheleni wokubusa Alexander I.

Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu iSigele iqala umsebenzi wayo noMnyango weZezimali. It uyakufakazela iminyango ibhajethi, kubika amandla obuphakeme isikweletu kanye nokuntuleka imali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Umkhandlu Wezigele isifakwe phezu zezinkonzo ekubhekaneni inter-ejensi izingxabano mayelana nempahla. Leli gunya yomphakathi kufanele alawule ukuhweba yasekhaya, izimantshi esimisiwe. Senators babe Empire armorial (salokhu umnyango okhethekile ngisho wadala).

Ukubaluleka Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye ukuqedwa yayo

Peter ngangidinga sembuso ukuthi owayezongena esikhundleni sayo kuze kuphele isikhathi ungekho enhlokodolobha. Lo mbusi wasiza ekudalweni iSigele. Usuku okwenziwe okuthunyelwe ka SaseJudiya-Jikelele (1722) futhi kubhekwa usuku lokuzalwa Office umshushisi BakaJehova eRussia.

Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi imisebenzi iSigele washintsha. Isikhulu izikhulu legatsha besisikhulu cha, kodwa babengesibo isendlalelo obalulekile phakathi amabhodi amaningi (kamuva Ministries).

ukubaluleka abavelele ezindabeni iSigele kwadingeka inkantolo. Lokhu kunxusa okuthinta zathuthelekela abavela ezweni lonke. Umkhandlu Wezigele wabhala abebengeneme abashushisi yesifundazwe nababusi. Lo myalo yasungulwa emva kabusha zokwahlulela ka-Alexander II ngawo-1860s.

Lapho Russian amaBolshevik liqala ukubusa, base ngomunye wabokuqala kwemithetho yayo layivimbela imisebenzi iSigele. Kwakuwusuku isinqumo inombolo enkantolo 1, bamukela mhlazi 5 kuZibandlela 1917.