I-Bortnichestvo ... Ukufuywa Kwezinyosi emaSlav aseMandulo

Kuwona wonke umlando wesintu inkinga ephuthumayo kakhulu futhi ebalulekile kwakuyinhlangano kanye nokwehlukaniswa kwezinsiza zokudla. Yingakho abantu bezikhathi zasendulo bahlale becabanga ngokufuna imithombo emisha yokudla.

Izipho zemvelo ku-pantry

Ukuqala kokuqala kule plan kwaqoqa (ukufuywa kwezinyosi kungenye yezinhlobonhlobo zokuqoqa izipho zemvelo). Okhokho bethu bathola izithelo ezenziwe ngomumo, bese bebadla ukudla noma bazame ukusindisa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bafunda ukuvuselela ezinye izitshalo zezitshalo, besebenzisa imbewu yabo yokuzalanisa ngokulandela indawo lapho kwakukuhle khona umuntu.

Ngokuqondene nokusetshenziswa kokudla kwesilwane, abantu babenelisekile kuphela ngenyama. Kuqondene nokusetshenziswa kobisi, okukhiqiza ezinye izilwane, kanye nezithako ezithile ezizuzisa abantu. Uju lwezinyosi zasendle zasendle kusukela esikhathini esidlule alusetshenziswanga ukudla kuphela, kodwa futhi lusetshenziselwa ukuphulukiswa.

I-Medosbor - ubuciko obudala kakhulu

Inqubo yokuqoqa uju iyaziwa kusukela esikhathini esidlule. Umlando awuthulumi ngosuku oluqondile lwezokudoba okunjengokudoba amahlathi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izizwe zasendle ezahlala ekhulwini lama-4-7 BC, sezivele zazama ukubeka umkhiqizo walo mkhiqizo ukusakazwa.

Abantu basendulo, abahlale bezingelwa ehlathini, baqaphela ukuthi izinyosi zivame ukusebenzisa izitshalo zezidleke zazo ezihlahleni ezinkulu. Umcibisholo ungena emgodini, ucabangela iqiniso lokuthi ehlathini kunezilwane eziningi ezidliwayo ezifuna ukudla uju, zitholakala endaweni ephakeme kakhulu. Lapha, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izinyosi zikhethile izindlu zazo ezihlahleni zehlathi ukuze zivimbele ukutholakala kwezilwane zasendle. Ngakho-ke, ukufuywa kwezinyosi zamaSlav zasendulo kwakudingeka ukuba kwenziwe imizamo engavamile yokondla isidlo esiphundu lapho eya khona.

Bortnichestvo - umsebenzi omdala kunabo bonke abantu

Njengasendabeni yezitshalo, imbewu kanye nezithelo zazo ezazisetshenziselwa ukudla, ukukhiqizwa uju emahlathini asehlathini sekugcineni kwakha ifomu elikhule kakhulu. Okokuqala, izinto eziyinhloko zokulondoloza izinyosi zaziyizibungu zemvelo, ezikhethiwe nje endaweni. Ngemuva kwalokho, abantu bafunde ukwenza izidleke zokufakelwa.

I-Bortnichestvo - ubuciko bokudala umgodi womuntu (wawubizwa ngokuthi "ibhodi") ukukhiqiza izinyosi. Njengomthetho, ubuhlalu bwakhiwa emithini ephilayo, yibo abangakwazi ukuhlinzekela izinyosi ngokupholile ehlobo nokufudumala kwesihlobo ebusika, okuyinto izidalwa zithanda kakhulu. Kungaba kuhle ukuphawula ukuthi abantu bakhethe ngokukhethekile ukukhiqiza amapheshana amahlathi wezinyosi. Yingakho izinyosi zasendle zagcina ziba khona amathuba okuba zikwazi ukuhlala ezikhungweni ezidalwe kahle. Yikuphi, futhi, okwavumela abantu ukuba bazibeke ngokwabo ngokwengqondo.

Yeka ukuthi izimbungulu zahlelwa kanjani

Ngakho kancane kancane, ngokucabangela izici zemvelo, ukutholakala kwezinyosi e-Old Rus kwaqala ukuchaza hhayi kuphela ukuqoqwa koju, kodwa futhi ngokuyinhloko ukulawulwa kwezimfanelo zayo kanye nobumnandi. I-Borti, njengombuso, yahlelwa ezihlahleni ezingaphansi kwamamitha angu-1,5-2 ububanzi. Kwakungesi sitshalo esakwazi ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nesisindo sonke isakhiwo.

Kunakekelwa kakhulu ekuphakameni kwendawo yomhlathi. Bazama ukubeka phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka esihlahleni ngenxa yabakhamuzi abaningi basehlathini abangenandaba nokudla uju. Ukuphakama okulungile kwakungekho ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-6, ngakho umsebenzi we-bortnik wawufuna ukulungiswa okuhle ngokomzimba, futhi kubantu babhekwa njengebhizinisi elinzima futhi eliyingozi.

Isikhathi sesikhathi, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwezinyosi eRussia, kungama-4-7 eminyaka BC. Oyaziwayo futhi okwamanje abumba lokhu kudoba okutholakala ngokufika kwesintu samathuluzi ensimbi, okwakudingeka ukucubungula imithi ngokuphumelelayo ekufakweni kwemihlathi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amadivaysi ensimbi wokufaka ubuhlalu okwenziwe ngekhulu le-10 cishe awazange ashintshe isakhiwo sabo kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngesisekelo salokhu, kungaphetha ngokuthi kwakukhona ngalezo zikhathi zakuqala ukuthi ilungiselelo elihle lomhlaba wonke wokukhethwa kwemikhiqizo.

I-Bortnik yindoda efundiswe futhi ihlutshwe

Uma sikhuluma ngama-nuances, ke-ke i-bortnichestvo iyi-craft yelungelo elihle nelinye eliyingcaca. Ukwaziswa okuhlobene nalokhu kudoba kwakumthetho, umndeni futhi kwafa njengefa. I-Medosbor idinga uhlobo lobunye nemvelo ukuze luqaphele. Phela, bahlela izinhlangothi kuphela kulawo mahlathi lapho izihlahla zokhuni zazikhula khona. Ukuze unqume indawo enjalo, abadwebi bezandla zasendulo kwakudingeka babe nolwazi olubanzi lwezolimo ze-botanical and biological.

Futhi uma sicabangela ukuthi amasayithi afanele ukudoba ngezinye izikhathi ayezithulu emgodini, khona-ke babe nesibindi esikhulu, ngoba ngalezo zinsuku izidakamizwa zazivame ukuhlangana emahlathini. Ngokuvamile, bortnichestvo eRussia - kwakuwumsebenzi ohlonishwayo. Ukubambisana kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu abathile ababehlanganyela ekuqoqweni kwamanoni kubantu abavamile kwenza ukuhlonishwa nokuhlonishwa. Mayelana ne-bortnikah kwakhiwa ama-bylina nezinkwanekwane, lapho babibizwa ngokuthi "ama-squirrels" ukuze bakwazi ukukhuphuka izihlahla. Babizwa ngamakhono abaphulukisi kanye neziqondiso zokusebenzisa izindawo zokwelashwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinyosi.

Amadivaysi nezinhlelo

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukufuya akusiyo kuphela amandla, ukuxuba nokubona, kodwa futhi ithuluzi lamathuluzi eliye lathuthukiswa futhi lavuselelwa isikhathi esiphezulu. Uma ama-scrapers ezindala kanye nezintambo zisetshenziselwa isikhathi esiphezulu kakhulu sabaqhubi bezindiza, khona-ke ekuthuthukiseni lo msebenzi umsebenzi we-arsenal usanda kakhulu. Ukuze usebenze nezinyosi, ngokwesibonelo, kwakukhona ama-masks akhethekile ukuthi ubuso obuvikela i-bortnik bokubamba. La maski ayevame ukukhishwa ngamahhashi, futhi izimfihlo zokugqoka zazidluliselwa kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya esizukulwaneni.

Ngokuqondene nokufakwa ngokuqondile kwe-airborne, khona-ke, into eyinhloko kwakuyi-hatchet ekhethekile lapho "igumbi" lezinyosi lalinqotshwa khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chisel, amasethi we-scrapers akhethekile kanye nemimese emise ensimbi yayisetshenziswe ngentshiseko.

Ukuze enze i-borten, umuntu kwakudingeka akhuphuke esihlahleni. Kube nezindlela eziningana zokuphakamisa. Ezinye ze-bortniki zisebenzise uhlelo lwezinkhanda zesikhumba, izintambo kaningi (ngezimo ezimbalwa kakhulu - izitebhisi). Kodwa-ke, indlela evame kakhulu futhi esebenzayo ukuthi umlando wokufuya izinyosi uyayazi ukusetshenziswa kwezipiksi ezikhethekile nezihluthulelo. Babekwa izandla nezinyawo. Ngokubheka isiqu somuthi futhi kancane kancane ukudonsa i-bortnik kwafinyelela ukuphakama okufunayo.

Ukukhiqiza

Ngemva kokukhiqizwa kwebhodi, wavunyelwa ukuma, ngezinye izikhathi kuthatha iminyaka eminingana. Izinyosi azithandi iphunga lezinkuni ezihlanzekile futhi ziyanqika ukutshala ezindaweni ezinjalo zezidleke. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi ibhodi eyenziwe kahle ingahlala isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kwakukhona amacala lapho iminyaka yokuthola imifantu "esebenzayo" ifinyelela eminyakeni engamakhulu ambalwa.

Ekhuluma ngomkhiqizo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso esisodwa isidleke sanikeza ngo-30 kuya ku-50 kg uju ngonyaka. Uma sicabanga ukuthi esinye isazi sezingcweti singasebenza ezinhlangothini eziningana, ivolumu yonke iyamangalisa ngisho nezinsuku zethu.

Ukuvikelwa kokulwa nokuhlaselwa kwesilwane

Kusobala ukuthi ingcebo enjalo kufanele ivikeleke ngandlela-thile. Ngemuva kwalokho, abazingeli badla "potion" emnandi phakathi kwezilwane kwakunzima kakhulu. Ngeshwa, lo lover omkhulu kakhulu ugibela izihlahla kahle kakhulu. Kuphathelene nebhere elivamile. Njengomthetho, nguye owachitha futhi wabhubhisa umoya. Ukulwa nalesi sidalwa esihlakaniphile nesiyingozi, abenzi bezobuciko bahlakulela isimiso sonke sokuphepha, okufanele sikhulunywe ngokuningiliziwe.

Indlela evame kakhulu yokulinda izilwane eziqhamuka emithini kwakuyindlela elula. Ezingeni lokungena kwe-beetle, ilogi elihlaba umxhwele lalihlanganisiwe. Lapho ibhere lifinyelela ezingeni lomnyango, kwakudingeka ukuba aqhubekele isithiyo esithintekayo. Njengoba kunikezwe isisindo sogu, ibhere kwakudingeka lenze imizamo ebalulekile yokuyihambisa, ngaleyo ndlela ibangele. Ngenxa yeminyango ye-pendulum yelogi, njengombuso, ibhere laliphansi.

Enye indlela yokuqala yokulondoloza uju ohlangothini kwakuwukuhlelwa kwesikhulumi esincane esasimisiwe ezingeni lokungena. Ukuze angene emgodini, ibhere lalifanele lihlale phansi esakhiweni, okunamathiselwe okwenziwe ngendlela yokuthi kwakungenakukwazi ukumelana nesisindo sesilo. Ngenxa yalokho, wathola emhlabathini.

Ukuphela kokudoba

Ngeshwa, ubhontshisi beSlavonic buphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka. Okokuqala, lokhu kwakuthonywe yizici zemvelo. Ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezobunjiniyela obunzima kwakudinga ukunciphisa izinsiza zehlathi. Ngezizathu ezicacile, azikho izigaba zokuhlela amabhodi. Futhi amahlathi atholakalayo okusekela le ndawo yokudoba ayesekude kakhulu, okwenqaba inzuzo engaba khona ekukhiqizeni nasekuthengiseni imikhiqizo yamaju.