Amazwi akusebenzi futhi neologisms: izibonelo. Archaisms futhi neologisms ngesiRashiya

isiRashiya has lanotsile ekushintsheni: ezinye izinguqulo ngaphambilini ngokuvamile ezivamile manje hle esetshenziswa, kanye nezinye, kunalokho, ngokwethukela kusetshenziswa yithi. Izibonelo amazwi akusebenzi futhi neologisms baningi, okhombisa ekuthuthukiseni ulimi.

imihlola Okufanayo zihlobene kakhulu ushintsho emphakathini: igama elisha kwenzeka nge ukuvela umqondo omusha, futhi uma abantu ungaphendukeli abanye into noma mkhuba, alisebenzisi elithi lisetshenziswe ukubonisa ke. Kulesi sihloko sibheka amazwi akusebenzi futhi neologisms, izibonelo yokusetshenziswa yabo, izinhlobo kanye nezici.

amazwi esiphelelwe: definition

amazwi esiphelelwe - kangangokuthi ngesikhathi ngesikhathi esinikeziwe noma kakhulu kuyaqabukela asetshenziswa noma ayisetshenziswa nhlobo (isib, ngakwesokunene, ingane yami, Red, izindebe, Commissar).

Yisikhathi zamagama - kuyinqubo, Ngakho-ke, imibono ehlukene kungenzeka emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko. Awukabi ukhululeka kokusebenza, kodwa wasebenzisa kancane njalo kunangesikhathi esidlule, izwi ukubizwa ngokuthi 'ulimi ubudala ".

Neologisms futhi archaisms okusetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene. asetshenziswa Lesi sakamuva, isibonelo, ngenxa yokuqamba lezinto kanye izenzakalo, okungukuthi, ukwenza umsebenzi nominative (isibonelo, ezesayensi nemisebenzi zomlando). Ngemisebenzi eqanjiwe ekubhekaneni izindikimba zomlando, silulumagama enjalo kudlala indima nominative-wesitayela - hhayi kuphela ukhonza ukukhomba ezingokoqobo ethile, kodwa futhi kudala ukunambitheka ezithile inkathi.

Esikhathini temibhalo amazwi ephelelwe yisikhathi ingasetshenziswa ekuboniseni isikhathi lapho isenzo senzeka khona. Archaisms (futhi neologisms) zingaba injongo wesitayela langempela. amazwi esiphelelwe ukunikeza umbhalo onesizotha, njengoba izindlela yokukhuluma.

Neologisms: Ukukhonjwa

Thina ukuphendula umbuzo yini neologisms, izibonelo bese uyazama ukuhola. Lawa entsha, abangazange okwamanje babe nsuku zonke ajwayelekile amazwi. Ukwakheka yabo kushintsha njalo, ezinye neologisms singagxila isiRashiya, kanti abanye - cha. Ngakho, igama elithi "satellite" phakathi nekhulu lama-20 kuyinto neologism. Minyaka yonke, abezindaba esetshenziswa amashumi ezinkulungwane imibandela emisha kanye imiqondo, kodwa hhayi bonke bangabafundi lisetshenziswa nsuku zonke. Ezinye asetshenziswa kanye kuphela inkulumo noma umbhalo othile, nabanye afakiwe ukwakheka kanye nolimi, njengoba isetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe, ulahlekelwe eseyintsha yabo. imibandela emisha ezithile, behluleka ngisho ukungena main Isikhwama lucebe, masinyane bawa aphume ukusetshenziswa futhi kakade akusebenzi (isiphetho esinjena, isibonelo, ulimi iminyaka post-wamavukelambuso: ayimpoqo imfundo, zhendelegatka, delovod, kerenki).

Izindlela amagama amasha

amazwi akusebenzi futhi neologisms isiRashiya - into ethakazelisa kakhulu. ukwazi Ikakhulukazi ukwazi ukuthi zikhona imiqondo emisha. Bona kwenzeke ngezindlela eziningana:

- kumiswa neologism lucebe (eside elisha) kusukela ekhona morphemes ulimi futhi amagama onobuhle ekhona: okwakhiwa ngalo la mabhodi, ukushayela, i fibre optical;

- zokweboleka igama elivela kolunye lapho kumiswa alandelayo ulimi lwakhe olusha ukuze onobuhle ekhona ka kwemagama: isithwebuli, ukuskena, ukuskena;

- kumiswa nencazelo entsha lucebe i term ekhona ngolimi (kule umqondo wegama abizwa ngokuthi neologisms semantic), okuvela, kuhlanganise ngokusebenzisa kutfungatsa nenshokutsi yemagama ngolunye ulimi: igundane - le divayisi ukuze uthole ulwazi kwikhompyutha okokufaka, kanye nezilwane zasendle; Winchester - kule divayisi ukugcina ulwazi kwikhompyutha, nesibhamu;

- kumiswa inhlanganisela ethile esitalini inani elisha (kuhlanganise trace): umbadlana, drive kanzima.

Archaisms futhi historicism

Phakathi silulumagama disused archaisms aqhelelene futhi historicism. amazwi akusebenzi futhi neologisms, izibonelo abalwe kulesi sihloko, kufanele nesimo esihlukile.

Ithola ukusetshenziswa kwabo inkulumo, hhayi "yobudala": okuthiwa kubalulekile, imiqondo ebalulekile kanye nemigomo musa ubudala amakhulu eminyaka, kuyilapho abanye archaizing ngempela fast, siyayeka ukuzisebenzisa njengoba izinto ngokwabo, idatha wabhekisela emazwini zinyamalale. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwezemfundo e inarha yekhethu itjhuguluke khulu, ngakho yokukhuluma gone, anjengokuthi lady cool, i-Institute for Noble emaNtombazaneni, yesikole, umuntu okholelwa entweni ekhona okwangempela (encazelweni "secondary school umfundi").

Umqondo "historicism"

Abasebenzi amagama abantu abaye balahlekelwa umsebenzi imiqondo, izinto kanye izenzakalo yokukhuluma ngokuthi historicism. Konke imigomo engenhla uyifunda. La mazwi ngizibona zibaluleke kangakanani ngolimi lwethu, isikhundla ekhethekile, njengoba kukhona kuphela izimpawu lwezinto akusebenzi. Ngo historicism, Ngakho-ke, kusho ukuthi abekho abantu omqondofana. Ngo imisebenzi yobuciko, izincwadi zomlando, bona nakanjani zisebenzisa esidlule abantu, njengoba zenza ukunambitheka kabusha inkathi ethile. La mazwi ukunikeza izici nokwethenjelwa komlando incazelo odlule.

Ngakho, historicism - amagama ukuthi ayekile ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yokuthi ekumelelayo lomkhuba anyamalele izinto: elingenamikhono, Bursa, posadnik. Zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi imibhalo nezinguqulo ezihlukahlukene echaza esidlule (kokubili kwezobuciko nesayensi).

Umqondo "archaism"

Archaisms - amagama abaye bawela nesilinganiso yokwenziwa ngoba zibizwe, ekhona futhi namuhla izenzakalo, izinto kanye imiqondo kukhona amagama amasha. Hlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene nabo, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni isici igama iphelelwe yisikhathi:

- lucebe, uma izwi iphelelwe yisikhathi futhi ayisekho isebenzisa eziyinkimbinkimbi umsindo incwadi, futhi ukubaluleka manje okukhulunywe iyunithi entsha silulumagama;

- semantic - esimweni lapho izwi ukhona, kodwa ilahlekelwe linakho ukubaluleka okuthile noma ezingaphezulu ( "esiswini strip") e yolimi lwanamuhla;

- ifonotiki - uma ushintsha ukuma umsindo igama, kubonakala ngokubhala kwakhe ( "iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili");

- izwi-ukwakheka - lapho esiphelelwe uqobo isakhiwo derivational elithi ( "econsa ushevu");

- lolimi - uma ukusetshenziswa ezinye izinhlobo nokusetshenziswa kolimi.

Archaisms lutho ngokuyisisekelo kusuka historicism nsé. Uma kuwukuzikhohlisa - angamagama ezinye izifundo amadala, owokuqala - amagama amadala imiqondo ezivamile futhi izenzakalo esingase sibhekane nabo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

izinhlobo archaisms

Phakathi archaisms ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa amaqembu athile amazwi. Ezinye zazo yilezi sihluke omqondofana yabo evame ukusetshenziswa izici ezithile e umsindo, inhlanganisela umsindo nepolnoglasnymi (abasha - ubudala, igolide - igolide, idolobha - isichotho Beach - Breg, iqhude - Vrana, izwi wesibili ngazimbili idatha uzwakale zakudala). Ngokwesiprofetho, la mazwi ngokuthi akusebenzi archaisms ifonotiki. Lezi zihlanganisa amazwi anjengokuthi klob (club e silulumagama yesimanje) zibaliwe (inombolo), Stora (kwesihenqo), goshpital (esibhedlela) nezinye amazwi yisikhathi futhi nemisho ngolimi Russian, okuyinto ingatholakala abalobi kanye izimbongi kwekhulu le-19. Kusukela "izimbangi" babo, ngokuvamile kuhluke umsindo eyodwa kuphela, okungenani - a ngcosana of them are sasebenzi manje noma accent.

Njengoba ubona esibonelweni, silulumagama disused degree ezahlukene zakudala yayo: amanye amagama zisasetshenziswa inkulumo, ezifana izimbongi, nabanye zaziwa kithi kuphela imisebenzi izincwadi nekhulu leminyaka edlule. Kukhona ongenayo ukhohlwe labo namuhla.

Isenzakalo okuthakazelisa kakhulu - the archaism tinchazelo ezithile izwi.

Umphumela kuba ukuvela incazelo, noma semantic, archaisms, okusho amagama asetshenziswa i ongasasebenzi, engavamile kithi. Ulwazi lwabo kusiza ukuqonda ulimi nezincwadi zakudala kweqiniso.

kanjani neologisms

Siye umbuzo ngalokho neologisms, izibonelo zazo ezacashunwa kithi ngaphezu kakade. Manje siyathola ukuthi zivela isiRashiya. Yini efika ngokushesha: archaisms futhi neologisms? Asivume.

Izinga ukubukeka enjalo izingqimba ehlukahlukene silulumagama, amazwi akusebenzi futhi neologisms, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa ezihlongozwayo kulesi sihloko. Okuningi okukhulu ngokushesha inqubo replenishment ulimi olusha Ukwakheka lucebe. Eminyakeni yamuva, cishe 15-20 iminyaka, kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu emlandweni wezwe lakithi, njengoba kubonakala ngokuqondile isimo silulumagama Russian. Ngu neologisms esavela ngalesi sikhathi, zihlanganisa abantu bangayithola imfundo enjalo, okuyinto ebingekho ekuqaleni, hhayi kuphela ngolimi tetemibhalo, kodwa futhi zonke ezinye izindawo ukusetshenziswa kwaso (zezigodi indawo futhi nomphakathi, izitayela obusebenzayo). Kuphela kabusha e silulumagama kufakwe emagama lafana Agrobank (ie umhlaba asebhange), corporatization (ukuguqulwa ku inkampani okuhlangene isitokwe kwetimali temabhizimisi embuso ngokusebenzisa Ukukhishwa nokudayiswa amasheya ezahlukene), ikheli (sibhekiswe emaqenjini athile abantu), antirynochnik (ie inguqulelo isitha emnotfweni emakethe), kanye ayehle kakhulu amandla emali (kwamandla emali, elikhula ngokushesha futhi ezisongela ukuwa kwezomnotho) kanye nabanye.

izinhlobo neologisms

Njengoba ubona, amazwi esiphelelwe ziqhathaniswa neologisms. Emagama lamasha amayunithi e formedness kwakhona noma amazwi olulodwa (lesseeship, anti-Stalinism, audiotape, ATM, igenge) noma amagama kwakwakhe (UFO - UFO, kwelizinga lebuphuya - izinga elithile inhlalakahle yomphakathi, ukuhlinzeka ayimbijana ukusetshenziswa impahla eziyisisekelo izimpahla).

neologisms okunjalo abhekwa lucebe. Kungaphawulwa lapha yebizo ukuthi usanda abasafufusa inhlanganisela okusimeme amazwi, isibonelo: ukunika amandla yokunyathelisa (okungukuthi, uqale ukuphrinta ezengeziwe imali yephepha, okungasekelwe olunikezwa ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla), hang noodle emadlebeni (okusho ukuthi "ukwethula othile ku iphutha" ) kanye nabanye.

neologisms lucebe futhi phraseological kukhona tisho, kwakwakhe imigomo amazwi.

amaqembu amane neologisms

Njengoba ubona, imisebenzi yamagama akusebenzi futhi neologisms zihlukile. On indima yokuqala sekushiwo. Zonke amagama amasha ngenjongo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane ayinhloko.

Eyokuqala yalezi Unanamagama imiqondo namaqiniso, okuyinto ngaphambili ukuphila kwabantu zazingekho: revivalists - abalandeli Russian ukunyakaza mbumbulu yokushisekela izwe, efuna ukuvuseleleka isibonelelo yayo - izibonelelo ezithile, emele kuxhaswa ezengeziwe zezimali ngoba ucwaningo lwesayensi futhi abanye.

Iqembu lesibili neologisms wadala ukuchaza izenzakalo kakade ezenzeka ekuphileni komphakathi, kodwa hhayi wathola ngasizathu simbe, ezifana yamaSoviet, namagama abo: vozvraschenets - ngokuzithandela ebuyile ekudingisweni emazweni akubo, okungezona zokwahlulela - okuyinto ngaphandle komlandu, Lenin, umyalo-bureaucratic et al.

Iqembu lesithathu siqukethe ekhomba ngokoqobo, ekuphileni kwangempela abekho, kodwa kungenzeka e asemini afakwa ku ukuqhubeka kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi: mkhathi, ebusika zenuzi, a cyborg.

Iqembu yesine nezokugcina ehlanganisa izinto lucebe, phinda amagama anencazelo ethile lucebe. Lezi zihlanganisa Ideographic (ngokugcwele) omqondofana, ezifanayo ngombala nokubaluleka wesitayela: Cabangisisa - isisindo, statist - statists, zomlando - kwesibhamu, cishe Ukuthobela enze umsebenzi wobugqila - ngoyebo.

Mezhstilevaya futhi eziyizici isitayela esithile yokukhuluma, neologisms

Neologisms ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni ngokuyinhloko mezhstilevaya, ukuthi isetshenziswa zonke izitayela yokukhuluma (Intergirl, isithombe, icala, i-yogurt, owasala, ube nesandla esivulekile-yeningi, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, inter-yasebhange). Nokho, ingxenye ethile eyinqaba nesitayela sabo esithile: publicistic (ezihlanekezelwe, buyisela emuva, izidakamizwa nkosi, integrator, ibhalansi), Scientific (biolokator aura, i-ozone imbobo, radioecology, Clone) ibhizinisi (nomthengisi depositary ayitholwa zemvelo) noma kukhulunywe (Xero, ukungcola, imali, ukukopela, amashwa, buhle).

We phendula umbuzo mayelana nokuthi iyiphi amazwi akusebenzi futhi neologisms. Izibonelo kungaba nemiphumela ehluke kakhulu, kulesi sihloko yabalwa abanye kuphela wabo. Eqinisweni, labo nabanye ukumela komzimba okukhulu. Kukhona ngisho izichazamazwi ezikhethekile, ungathola ezinye izibonelo zamagama akusebenzi futhi neologisms.