Analysis isifinyezo sezinto "Yini?" (Chernyshevsky NG)

Ngokokuqala ngqá encwadini yakha umsebenzi edume kunazo Chernyshevsky - noveli "ukwenzani na?" - yanyatheliswa ngo-1867 e-Geneva. Initiators yencwadi waba abathutha Russian eRussia ngesikhathi kule noveli wawuwuvimbele ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi. Ngo-1863, umkhiqizo uye wakwazi ukushicilela in the magazini "Contemporary", kodwa labo amakamelo, lapho abanye kwezahluko zayo kwakuthengwa uvinjelwe ezanyatheliswa. Isifingqo "Okufanele ukwenze" intsha Chernyshevsky walabo iminyaka idlula nomunye ngomlomo, futhi inoveli - e emibhalo yesandla, ngakho umkhiqizo wenze okuvelayo ongenakucimeka wokulingwa on kubo.

Kungenzeka yini ukwenza okuthile

Umbhali wabhala inoveli yakhe akukhuthazwa ebusika 1862-1863 GG., Nakuba kule emigodini le nqaba. Usuku lokubhala ivele ku-April 14 ngo-December 4. Kusukela ngo-January 1863 kuze kufike ezahlukweni ngabanye wesandla uqale censors ukusebenza, kodwa ngibona ngesakhiwo love story kuphela, inoveli avunyelwe ukuphrinta. Ngokushesha incazelo ejulile umsebenzi kuziwa izikhulu Russia tsarist, umlisa owayebheka izincwadi, susa kusukela ehhovisi, kodwa kwenziwa - ezingavamile intsha kwesiyingi leyo minyaka akazange ukuxoxa isishwankathelo "ukwenzani na?". Chernyshevsky wafuna umsebenzi wakhe hhayi kuphela ukutshela baseRussia mayelana "abantu abasha ', kodwa futhi imbangela kuzo isifiso ukubalingisa. Futhi icala lakhe ngesibindi izinhliziyo kwabaningi ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe lembhali.

Intsha ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka, imicabango Chernyshevsky yaphenduka uhlobo uhlelo ngokuphila kwakhe. Izindaba mayelana nezenzo kababaningi abayizikhulu yaleyo minyaka yaqala ukubonakala kaningi ukuthi ngesikhathi esithile cishe sekube evamile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Abantu abaningi baye ngokuzumayo babona ukuthi bayakwazi ukwenza.

Ukuba khona umbuzo ecacile futhi impendulo

Umqondo eyinhloko yomsebenzi, futhi kuba kabili wamavukelambuso ngokwemvelo, - inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ubulili. Yingakho umlingiswa oyinhloko webhayisikobho noveli - owesifazane, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi lo igunya abesifazane ingahambi ngalé kwemingcele siqu egumbini lakho lokuphumula. Uma ebheka emuva ekuphileni kanina nabangane abaseduze, Vera ngokushesha uyaqaphela iphutha eliphelele yokungenzi, futhi onquma lokho iyosebenza inhliziyo ukuphila kwakhe: othembekile, ewusizo, enikeza ithuba khona ngokwanele. Yingakho zokuziphatha - inkululeko umuntu nenkululeko yokwenza izinto ukuhlangabezana nemicabango, kanye namathuba. Iphinde wazama ukuveza ngokusebenzisa ukuphila Vera Chernyshevsky. "Ini?" Ngu isahluko udonsa abafundi isithombe esinemibala ikhishiwe ukwakhiwa "ukuphila kwangempela." Lapha Vera kude nonina enquma ukuvula ibhizinisi, ngakho naye uyaqaphela ukuthi ukulingana kuphela phakathi kwawo wonke amalungu ipulazi ngeke uhambisane kwezifiso zawo senkululeko, kodwa injabulo yakhe ngokuphelele nge Kirsanov incike injabulo siqu Lopukhov. inkululeko ngamunye kuhlobene ne izimiso eziphakeme zokuziphatha - ukuthi zonke Chernyshevsky.

Izici zobuntu kombhali ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu yakhe

Futhi ababhali nabantu abakwaziyo ukufunda, kanye a baxgeki wazi konke zinombono ukuthi abalingiswa abasemqoka abazizwa ngayo isebenza - uhlobo amakhophi kwezincwadi Abadali zabo. Ngisho noma yini umthwalo amakhophi, siseduzane kakhulu umoya kumbhali. Ukulandisa kule noveli "ukwenzani na?" Ngo-umuntu wokuqala, futhi umlobi - umlingisi zamanje. Senziwa nezinye izinhlamvu engxoxweni, ngisho bebuzana nabo futhi, efana "izwi-phezu kwakho", kuchaza izinhlamvu futhi abafundi for amaphuzu abo amaningi anzima.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umlobi lidlulisela ukuze ukungabaza yomfundi ngamakhono abalobi zabo, uthi "ngisho ulimi inokuthile ezimbi" futhi ngokuqinisekile akusiwona iconsi "ithalente kwezobuciko". Kodwa kumfundi ukungabaza ayenakho akuzona ekholisa, ke ophika inoveli, okwadala Chernyshevsky phakathi kwakhe: 'Ngizakwenze njani na? ". Vera kanye nezinye izinhlamvu inemba kangangokuthi futhi enza izinto ezihlukahlukene liphele, endowed enezimfanelo eziyingqayizivele ngabanye, okuyinto umbhali akusho ifa ithalente kweqiniso, kungaba ukwazi ukudala.

Okusha, kodwa ehluke ngokuphelele

Heroes Chernyshevskogo lezi "abantu abasha" omuhle, ngokubona umbhali, kusukela esigabeni ngiyaphupha, lumane, usuku olulodwa esihle ngokuzihlolisela ngokuqinile ezimpilweni zethu. Ngena ngemvume ukuze chaza phakathi kwesixuku Okuqukethwe akuzwakali, cindezela kubo, umuntu yokuvuselela, umuntu wathonyelwa, abanye - Ezingalapheki - kwaphoqa ngokuphelele aphume mass isiyonke, ekupholiseni kubo emphakathini njengensimu ukhula. utopia yobuciko, okuyinto waqaphela ngokucacile futhi azama ezibiza ngegama Chernyshevsky, - "? Ngenzenjani". umuntu Special, ukukholwa kwakhe okujulile, bakwazi ngokuphelele ukushintsha ababesezweni elalibazungezile, kodwa ungakwenza kanjani lokho, kumelwe angazinqumela.

inoveli yakhe Chernyshevsky wadala ngokungafani kuya "Obaba Nezingane" Turgenev, "abantu abasha 'yakhe musa ngifane baphikise futhi kuyacasula positiveness yakhe nihilist Bazarov. Rwe salezi zithombe ukuqaliswa imisebenzi yabo eyinhloko: Turgenev iqhawe onjengawe ezivela nxazonke ubudala, wahlangabezana 'esicacile "lakhe, okungukuthi, abhubhise, kuyilapho Chernyshevsky yinde kakhulu sokuzama ukwakha okuthile, ukuze adale, abhubhise ngaphambili.

Kumiswa "umuntu omusha" phakathi kwekhulu XIX

ezimbili Lezi imisebenzi abalobi enkulu Russian waqala abafundi kanye nomphakathi okololiteraturnoy Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu XIX, uhlobo beacon - wokukhanya ukukhanya ebumnyameni. Futhi Chernyshevsky futhi Turgenev akuveza ngazimemezela khona 'umuntu omusha ", isidingo yayo kumiswa isimo ekhethekile emphakathini, ukufeza izinguquko ezinqala kuleli zwe.

Uma ufunda futhi ukuhumusha isishwankathelo "ukwenzani na?" Chernyshevsky indiza imibono wamavukelambuso, umxhwele izingqondo ingxenye ehlukile sabantu kuleyo minyaka, izici eziningi engokomfanekiso umkhiqizo kuyoba lula ukuchaza. "Lesi sithombe zikamakoti ngabelusi", esibonwa Vera Pavlovna ephusheni lakhe lesibili, akuyona lutho kodwa "yokuvukela" - ukuthi isiphetho esinjalo senziwe wahlala iminyaka ezahlukene abalobi bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ukufunda futhi uhlaziye noveli. Ngokomfanekiso imakwe nezinye izithombe, okuyinto enovelini indaba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenziwa opopayi noma cha.

Kancane ngale ndlela ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela Egoism okunengqondo

Desire sokushintsha, hhayi kuphela ngoba thina, hhayi kuphela ngoba imindeni yabo kodwa yathinta nayo yonke enye ligijima yonke inoveli. Lena ngokuphelele hhayi efana imfundiso yokuziphendukela kubalwa inzuzo yabo siqu, okuyinto oludalulwa "Obaba and Sons" Turgenev. Ngezindlela eziningi, nge abalobi ayekanye nawo Chernyshevski uyavuma, bekholelwa ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu hhayi kuphela, kodwa kumele abantu beveza ukubala futhi ukunquma indlela yakho ngabanye enjabulweni. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo uthi ungakwazi kuphela bewuthanda sizungezwe abantu efanayo bajabule. Lo mehluko wenza eliyisisekelo emkhatsini wesakhiwo amanoveli ezimbili: Chernyshevsky namaqhawe komlayezo inhlalakahle yawo wonke, Bazarov Turgenev sika ukudala injabulo yakho ngaphandle kokucabangela abanye. Labo eduze nathi inoveli yakhe Chernyshevsky.

"Yini okufanele ngiyenze?", Uhlaziyo okuyinto sipha iqhaza kunhlolovo yethu, umphumela uba basondelane kakhudlwana komunye umfundi Turgenev sika "Obaba and Sons."

Kafushane mayelana itulo

Njengoba eye wakwazi ukukhomba umfundi kakade, ungalokothi owangena ezandleni Roman Chernyshevskogo, protagonist usebenza - Vera. Ngokusebenzisa ekuphileni kwakhe, ukwakheka ubuntu bakhe, ubudlelwano bakhe nabanye, kuhlanganise amadoda, umlobi wembula umcondvo lobalulekile inoveli. Isifingqo "ukwenzani na?" Chernyshevsky ngaphandle Lezi izici nabalingiswa abasemqoka nalabo phakathi kwemininingwane yezimpilo zabo ingathunyelwa ku imisho embalwa.

Vera Rozalskaya (aka Vera) uhlala emndenini sasivumela ocebile, kodwa wonke umuntu ekhaya buyenyanyeka yakhe, futhi unina imisebenzi yakhe engabazekayo abangane, ecabanga into eyodwa, kodwa esho futhi enza enye. Njengoba lase linqume ukuba ubalekele kubazali babo, Heroine yethu lizama ukuthola umsebenzi, kodwa umshado nge eduze ke emoyeni Dmitriem Lopuhovym unikeza intombazane nenkululeko futhi indlela yokuphila, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo yena amaphupho. Vera kwenza workshop ukuthunga kanye namalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke seamstresses wemali yawo - umqondo ngempela okuqhubekayo ngokokuqala. Ngisho kokugqashuka kwalo okuzumayo ngenxa yothando umngane komyeni wakhe oseduze Aleksandru Kirsanovu, lapho wagculiseka nokuzilungisa nge Kirsanov nesineke Lopukhov akusiphuci wakhe we ingqondo nokuphana kusukela umyeni wakhe, akabashiyi, ungashiyi studio. Ukubona uthando mutual nomkakhe kanye nomngane wami omkhulu, burdock, okuzobe kudlalelwa ukuzibulala dambisa Vera Pavlovna kunoma isiphi isibopho kuye. Vera Kirsanov futhi ishade futhi lokhu bajabule kakhulu, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa ezimpilweni zabo Lopuhov kuyabuya. Kodwa kuphela ngaphansi kwamagama ehlukene kanye umfazi omusha. Yomibili le mikhaya azinze endaweni, isikhathi esiningi ndawonye futhi zithandwa aneliseke izimo zinjani ngale ndlela.

UMuntu inquma ukwazi?

Vera Pavlovna Kumiswa umuntu kude imithetho yemvelo izici ontanga yakhe, okuyinto usukhulile futhi ngakhulela izimo ezifanayo kuyo wakhe. Naphezu ebusheni bakhe, yokungabi nokuhlangenwe nakho futhi ubudlelwano, uhlamvu uyazi ngokucacile lokho afuna empilweni. Umshado omuhle futhi ngibe umama ajwayelekile umndeni - akusiwona kuMariya, ikakhulu ukuba neminyaka engu-14 wayazi kangakanani futhi waqonda. Yena bathunga kahle futhi sanikeza sonke ingubo umndeni eminyakeni 16 waqala ukwenza imali ngokunikeza izifundo upiyano yangasese. Saba nesifiso sokushada unina wahlangana nokwenqaba liqinile, futhi kudala ibhizinisi lakhe siqu - workshop lokuthunga. Mayelana ukuphula ngemibono izenzo ngesibindi emsebenzini eqinile uhlamvu "Yini?". Chernyshevsky ngendlela yakhe ebese enikeza incazelo ukuze ukugomela adumile ukwazi inquma ukuba lapho kukhona umuntu. Ichaza, kodwa njengoba enquma - noma ukulandela endleleni zikhetha ukuba, noma thola owakho. Vera seliphumile indlela, uzilungiselele unina futhi imvelo nendawo ahlala kuyo, futhi wadala indlela yayo.

Phakathi ezindaweni amaphupho ngokoqobo

Nquma indlela yakho akusho ukuyithola ukusilandela. Phakathi amaphupho futhi ukuhumusha libe into engokoqobo igebe elikhulu. Othile akusho alinge gxuma phezu kwalo, futhi othile iqoqa zonke intando yakhe ibe isibhakela futhi wenze eziphonsa. Ngakho ephendula inkinga ephakanyiswe inoveli Chernyshevsky "Yini?". Ukuhlaziya ukwakheka izigaba ngazinye Vera esikhundleni idlulisa umfundi ngumlobi. Ubeke ngokusebenzisa incarnation Heroine amaphupho akhe siqu enkululeko ibe yinto engokoqobo sibonga ukuvivinya. Ake ke umgwaqo kanzima kodwa iqonde futhi uhambo kahle. Futhi Chernyshevsky hhayi kuphela uthumela Heroine yakhe, kodwa futhi kuvumela ukufeza oyifunayo, ukuvumela umfundi ukuba aqonde ukuthi umsebenzi kuphela ungakwazi ukufeza umgomo zaziswe. Ngeshwa, umlobi ugcizelela ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu ekhetha lokhu endleleni. Akuwona wonke umuntu.

Sokuzindla ngokoqobo ngamaphupho

Ngendlela engavamile wabhala inoveli yakhe "ukwenzani na?" Chernyshevsky. Amaphupho Kokholo - ingqikithi ezine enovelini - embule ukujula futhi okwakhe kwemicabango ezibangela ke nezenzakalo zangempela. Ephusheni layo lokuqala lizibona ebugqilini emiphongolweni. Lolu hlobo ukunakekelwa umfanekiso ekhaya lakho siqu, lapho yena bekazimisele Akwamukelekile ukuthi nalo. Through nomqondo wenkululeko abanye like it, amantombazane Vera kudala eshabhu lakhe siqu lapho wezingubo ngamunye uthola ingxenye elinganayo ngenzuzo yayo ngokuphelele.

Ubuthongo lesibili nelesithathu achazele umfundi ngokusebenzisa real phakathi kweempundu kumnandi, ukufunda Verochkinogo idayari (okuyinto ngenhlanhla neze led) ukuthi imicabango ukuba khona kwabantu ezahlukene wayithatha heroin izinkathi ezahlukene zokuphila kwakhe, lokho acabanga ngomshado wakhe wesibili kanye kakhulu isidingo somshado. Incazelo ngamaphupho - ifomu elula zokubukwa komkhiqizo, okuyinto wakhethwa Chernyshevsky. "Yini okufanele ngiyenze?" - okuqukethwe kule noveli kubonakala ngamaphupho, izinhlamvu nabalingisi main ngamaphupho - isibonelo esihle isicelo yaleli fomu entsha Chernyshevsky.

Imigomo sekusasa eliqhakazile, noma iphupho wesine Vera Pavlovna

Uma namaqhawekazi zokuqala ezintathu ubuthongo kubonise kwawo nesihloko amaqiniso angokomlando, iphupho layo sesine - iphupho esikhathini esizayo. Engingakusho nje siyikhumbule kabanzi. Ngakho, iphupho Vera Pavlovna sezwe ehlukene, ezithandekayo emangalisayo. Umuntu ozilimazayo akasiboni eziningi abantu bajabule ngihlala endlini enhle: a zikanokusho, ivulekile, sizungezwe ukubukwa emangalisa kunazo zonke, ehlotshiswe utshaza imithombo. Kuyo akekho uzizwa esekudeni nhlobo - injabulo ezivamile, omunye ukuchuma ezivamile, kukhona yonke alinganayo.

Lawa amaphupho Vera, lokhu angathanda ukubona ngokoqobo futhi Chernyshevsky ( "Ngenzenjani?"). Amaphupho, futhi, njengoba sazi, ubuhlobo ngokoqobo futhi amaphupho zomhlaba, kwembule hhayi kuphela emhlabeni kwangaphakathi Heroine, njengoba umbhali kule noveli. Futhi ukungakwazi kwakhe ukusiza abantu ukuba baqaphele ngokugcwele leli qiniso, utopia lokho kungenzeki, kodwa okuyiwona kwamaBhayibheli, kusadingeka ukuba ziphile futhi zisebenze. Futhi lokhu futhi iphupho wesine Vera Pavlovna.

Utopia futhi isiphetho yayo nkomoni

Njengoba wonke umuntu azi, umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu - noveli "ukwenzani na?" - Nikolay Chernyshevsky wabhala ngesikhathi aboshiwe. Zibancishe umndeni, umphakathi, inkululeko, uyakubona emigodini ye ngokoqobo ngendlela entsha ngokuphelele, waphupha elinye ngokoqobo, umbhali bachazela ke ephepheni, Angikholwa ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Iqiniso ukuthi "abantu abasha" bayakwazi ukushintsha jikelele kule Chernyshevski Akungabazeki. Kodwa eyokuma ngaphansi kwegunya kwezimo, hhayi wonke umuntu hhayi wonke umuntu uyakufanelekela ukuphila okungcono - naye waqonda.

Le noveli iphela? nokuhlalisana enhle zemindeni ezimbili abanazo: Kirsanovs futhi Lopukhovs-Beaumont. izwe Small, ukudala imisebenzi, egcwele imicabango yizicukuthwane nezenzo zabantu. ningi gwamanda like ujabule? Cha! Akuyona impendulo Chernyshevsky uyaphupha ngekusasa? Ubani ofuna ukudala umhlaba wabo siqu ujabule futhi ujabule, ukuthi ngeke, ngubani abafuni - uzohamba ukugeleza.