Anti-aircraft missile uhlelo. Anti-aircraft missile eziyinkimbinkimbi "Igla". Anti-aircraft uhlelo missile "Osa"

Udinga ukusungula ezikhethekile anti-aircraft missile izakhiwo zikhula phakathi neminyaka seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, kodwa ngokuningiliziwe yombuzo ososayensi kanye gunsmiths emazweni ahlukahlukene baqala ukuza kuphela in the 50s. Iqiniso liwukuthi uma nje wayengekho nganoma iyiphi indlela lokulawula Interceptor ezicitshwayo.

Ngakho, lo odumile-V-1 kanye V-2, okuyinto udubule London, eqinisweni, kuyinto izikhala omkhulu futhi unmanageable iziqhumane. Ikhwalithi isiqondiso sabo kwaba ongaphakeme ngakho, ukuthi amaJalimane bakwazi neze ukukhomba kubo emadolobheni amakhulu. Yiqiniso, ukuthi mayelana nanoma yisiphi nciphisa ezicitshwayo elawulwa noma isitha izindiza aphume umbuzo.

Sikhishwe konke ukungezwani ezikhulayo ne-United States ngo-1953 izwe lethu waqala ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa kuqala uhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela missile. It nzima isimo iqiniso lokuthi ngempela impi nakho izinhlelo ezifana neze. Ilondoloze Vietnam Yabantu Army lapho amasosha, eholwa abafundisi Soviet, kwabuthana idatha eningi kakhulu, eziningi zazo kunqunywa ukuthuthukiswa lonke rocketry Union kanye Russian Federation iminyaka eminingi ezayo ngenxa yalokhu.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi eSoviet Union zidlulile kakade ukuhlola emkhakheni ukufakwa missile C-25, okuyinto yayihloselwe ukwakha isihlangu okuthembekile phezu yonke imizi yezwe. Umsebenzi ku isakhiwo esisha sele zifakiwe isizathu esilula ukuthi C-25 wazibonakalisa ukuhamba ibiza ngokweqile futhi elinganiselwe, okuyinto angahambisani ukuze kuvikeleke zokwakheka lempi missile kuhlasela isitha ezingaba khona.

Kuwukuhlakanipha ukuphetha Cela enjalo umugqa yomsebenzi lapho entsha air ukuzivikela missile uhlelo kungaba ephathekayo. Ngenxa yalesi ungakwazi nginikele kahle kancane futhi osezingeni. Ukwenza imisebenzi waphathiswa okusebenzayo ithimba KB-1.

Ukuze ukuklama ngokuba okudalwe eziyinkimbinkimbi rocket ekhethekile ngaphakathi kwasungulwa inkampani ehlukile okb-2, okuyinto waphathiswa ubuholi umklami abanamakhono P. D. Grushinu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-design lososayensi SAM kabanzi isikhathi yokusebenza hhayi kabusha ochungechungeni S-25.

Okokuqala anti-aircraft missile

Missile entsha, okuyinto maseko ngaba ikhodi entsha B-750 (umkhiqizo 1D), eyasungulwa isikimu classical: kwaqala nge standard Propellant injini, futhi kwaholela ilitshe ketshezi noMsekeli injini. Nokho, ngenxa yezinkinga eziningi ezihlobene yinkimbinkimbi ukusebenza okusamanzi ngamandla izinhlelo ku imicibisholo anti-aircraft, kuzo zonke izikimu okwalandela (kuhlanganise yesimanje) isetshenziselwa kuphela ukufakwa okuqinile.

Flight ukuhlolwa kwaqalwa ngo-1955 kodwa kwaphela ngemva konyaka. Ngoba nje leyo minyaka Kube abukhali ukwanda emsebenzini US intelligence izindiza eduze kwethu imingcele, wonke umsebenzi on the eziyinkimbinkimbi, kwaba yanquma ukusheshisa izikhathi eziningana. Ngo-August 1957, umoya ukuzivikela missile uhlelo yayihloselwe izivivinyo emasimini, lapho wabonisa uhlangothi lwakhe engcono. Kakade ngo-December, i-C-75 kwavunyelwana.

izici eziyinhloko eziyinkimbinkimbi

Wona rocket isiqalisi nezilawuli yayo ezibekwe phezu ZIS-151 chassis noma Zil-157. Isinqumo ukukhetha chassis senziwa ngesisekelo nokwethenjelwa yaleli su, unpretentiousness yayo futhi maintainability.

Esikhathini 70 iminyaka isimiso sesimanje ezikhona izinhlelo e nsizakalo iqaliswe. Ngakho, lo ngesivinini esiphezulu izinhloso okubhekiswe singezelelwe ukuba 3600 km / h. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela manje kuqhubeke ezicitshwayo kungenzeka adubule phansi okuhloswe flying endaweni engamamitha amamitha ayikhulu namashumi kuphela. Zonke Eminyakeni eyalandela, anti-aircraft uhlelo missile S-75 njalo olwesimanje.

Combat nesipiliyoni isicelo itholiwe okokuqala eVietnam, lapho abafundisayo Soviet abaqeqeshiwe amasosha ezinsukwini yokuqala usebenzisa shot eziyinkimbinkimbi phansi 14 izindiza American, achithe ingqikithi 18 ezicitshwayo. Sekukonke ngesikhathi kushayisana Vietnamese wakwazi hit mayelana 200 isitha izindiza. Omunye pilot ngubani bathunjwa, kwaba Dzhon Makkeyn owaziwa.

Ezweni lethu, "umuntu omdala" eziyinkimbinkimbi lasetshenziswa kwaze 90, kodwa nakwezinye eziningi eMpumalanga Ephakathi, isetshenziswa kuze kube yilolu suku.

SAM "Wasp"

Naphezu ngenkuthalo waphishekela ngesikhathi ekuthuthukisweni kwe-S-75, ekuqaleni kwawo-50-yalolucwaningo eU.SSR wayevele onobuhle eziningana kwakuthiwa mobile anti-aircraft missile izinhlelo. "Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi" - ngenxa yokuthi izici zabo kuphela kwakubucayi angabhekwa kumanele ukuthunyelwa ucishe ezizimele kanye ukuthunyelwa okusheshayo.

Yingakho cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho ukusungulwa C-75, kwaba parallel umsebenzi olunzulu lokuphathwa kudalwa ngemicondvo entsha futhi icwecwe eziyinkimbinkimbi uyakwazi ukunikeza okunokwethenjelwa ikhava emoyeni njalo amayunithi ezempi, ezihlanganisa kokwenza combat ohambweni e yizwe lesitha leli.

Waba yini umphumela walesi umsebenzi kwaba "Wasp". SAM Lokhu kwenzakala yimpumelelo ngakho, ukuthi isetshenziswa kube yilolu suku ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.

umlando ukuthuthukiswa

Isinqumo ukuthuthukisa isigaba esisha izikhali ezinjalo izinhlelo Benziwe Februwari 9, 1959 ku ngendlela yesinqumo ekhethekile leKomiti Central we CPSU.

Ngo-1960 lesi sakhiwo owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi ngokusemthethweni SAM "Wasp" futhi "Osa-M". kufanele ukuhlomisa missile zabo ezigxile eyenzelwe bazibandakanye iphansana ezindizayo amatshe, okuyinto isivinini kwaba mayelana 500 m / s.

Le mfuneko esiyinhloko lesi sakhiwo esisha kwaba ukuzimela kwakhe kakhulu mhlawumbe. Lokhu kungenxa indawo zonke izingxenye zawo e chassis olulodwa, onjiniyela abaningi nabaqambi yafinyelela ngombono, ukuthi kwadingeka ukuba ulandelwe, benethuba sokunqoba amanzi izithiyo ukubhukuda ebesingesihle exhaphozini.

Uhlolo lokuqala luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa efanayo ukudala ngempela. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ukwakheka izobandakanya ungulotimele ukulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi, rocket, obekungadala esanele hit imigomo okungenani ezintathu, kungabe kusadingeka amandla kagesi, kanye nokunye. Ubunzima ungeze ukuthi umshini kwadingeka ukuba afakwe iloli An-12, nge izinhlamvu egcwele, futhi iqembu ezintathu. Amathuba ukushaya target ngamunye kufanele okungenani 60%. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi umqambi kuyoba NII-20 SERC.

Ubunzima ungazange okwesabisa ...

Abakhi ngokushesha ibhekene nezinkinga eziningi. Okubi nakakhulu kwaba onjiniyela ababe obhekene ukuthuthukiswa rocket ngokwayo: esiphezulu ecacisiwe kunobukhulu bendawo projectile awuzange omkhulu (ngenxa yezimfuneko esiqinile kakhulu ubukhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi) kanye "ezinzima" kwakudingeka kube eningi. Yikuphi kuphela izindleko zokuphatha kanye okuqinile ngamandla izinjini!

nendlela yokukhuthaza impahla

Nge self ezinezinjini futhi kwakunzima ngempela. Ngemva nje kokuqala yentuthuko kwatholakala ukuthi isisindo salo sikhulu kakhulu mkhulu kunomkhawulo ophezulu izibalo sivumelekile ukuthi ekuqaleni afakwa phrojekthi. Ngenxa yalokhu sanquma ukuba ayiyeke le esindayo machine gun, bese uya ku-motor at 180 l / s, esikhundleni eyisibambiso wokuqala enamandla iyunithi 220 l / s.

Akumangalisi ukuthi sisungule le mpi isizophela zonke igremu nge Onjiniyela! Ngakho-ke, ukonga 200 amagremu uyaca waklonyeliswa umklomelo ruble 200, futhi amagremu 100 - ruble 100. Onjiniyela ngisho ukuqoqa zonke izindawo kungenzeka abakhiqizi elidala ifenisha esikoleni, ngubani babehilelekile yokukhiqiza of onobuhle miniature kwezinkuni.

Inani "amathoyizi" ngamunye sinjalo izindleko iKhabhinethi enkulu ophucuziwe okhunini oluqinile, kodwa kwakungekho kwangqingetshe. Ngokuvamile, cishe zonke Russian anti-aircraft missile izakhiwo (nezinyunyana) abe inqubo ukuthuthukiswa uyibanga elide futhi uyakhandla. Kodwa wokukhipha amasampula esiyingqayizivele izikhali, futhi kuye kwanyatheliswa amakhophi ngisho umdala ngokwanele okuhambisanayo namanje.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwadingeka izikhathi eziningana recast preform izindlu ezifana magnesium aluminiyamu wanika ukuncipha ezahlukene.

Kuphela ngo-1971, eminyakeni engu-11 ngemuva kokuqala ukuthuthukiswa, anti-aircraft missile uhlelo "Osa" kwavunyelwana. Yena wazibonakalisa ziphumelela kangangokuthi ama-Israyeli ohambweni izingxabano eziningi nama-Arabhu kwadingeka ukusebenzisa eningi jammers ukuvikela izindiza zabo. Lezi zinyathelo wazibonakalisa hhayi ukuba siphumelele ikakhulukazi, ngisho ne-pilot yabo. "Osa" imele enkonzweni kuze kube namuhla.

Compact - uquqaba!

Zonke SAM ezinhle: Sinenkosi isikhathi esincane ukuze ukuthunyelwa, vumela ngokuqiniseka hit ukulwa izindiza nezikhali ezicitshwayo. Yilokho nje kuphela ngemva Ukwamukelwa abadumile P-75 ku-service onjiniyela nenkinga entsha: yini okufanele uyenze isosha elula empini, lapho isikhundla "iphathwa" ezinophephela emhlane kuhlasela noma gunships?

Yiqiniso, enophephela emhlane kanye elithile impumelelo ungazama knock RPG, kodwa izindiza iqhinga enjalo ngokusobala bekungeke ukudlula. Khona-ke onjiniyela sesiqala ukwakha ephathekayo anti-aircraft uhlelo missile. Thanda ngentuthuko eziningi ezifuywayo, le phrojekthi zaphumela ngokumangalisayo yimpumelelo futhi ngempumelelo.

Kanjani "inaliti"

SA Ekuqaleni yokutholwa yokutholwa iqoqo "Umcibisholo", kodwa ukusebenza kwalo hhayi kakhulu yamasosha ephefumlelwe. Ngakho, lo missile akazange ukumela engozini enkulu kahle ahlomile ukuhlaselwa izindiza, futhi ematfuba ezithothene ukushisa isicupho kwaba prohibitively okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Kakade ekuqaleni kuka-1971 wakhipha isimemezelo leKomiti Central owawuyala ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze udale ephathekayo anti-aircraft uhlelo nangomcibisholo, elingenalo ngokuphelele ngamaphutha esasisandulele. Ukuze ukuthuthukisa abasebenzi babehileleke Kolomna KBM, le Lomo inkampani, Research Institute instrumentation nobunjiniyela CDB.

Per Aspera isikhangiso Astra

Isakhiwo esisha, okuyinto yake kwaba uphawu "Igla", yahlongoza ukwakha kusuka ekuqaleni, walahla ngokuphelele kwemali ngqo kusuka isakhiwo eyandulela, sithembele kuphela isipiliyoni sokusebenza kwawo. Yiqiniso, nezimfuneko ezinjalo esiqinile ukwenza anti-aircraft uhlelo missile "Igla" kwaba kakhulu, kunzima kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola kuqala abangu kuhlelwe 1973, kodwa eqinisweni ukuziphatha kwabo waqalwa kuphela ngo-1980.

Isisekelo nokubekwa kakade akhiwa ngesikhathi missile 9M39, evelele okwakubekelwa kakhulu simiso homing ku umgomo ngcono. Wayengumngane cishe engakutholanga ukuphazamiseka, nokuba ezikhathalela kakhulu izimfanelo target. Ngokwezinga elikhulu lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi inhloko yabangamashumi photodetector phambi ukugijima selehlile lokushisa -196 degrees Celsius (capsule ne liquid nitrogen).

Ezinye Ukucaciswa

Ukuzwela umamukeli ngasocansini luphakathi 3.5-5 microns, okuhambelana kwabantu qeda gas ophephela izindiza. Lo rocket futhi zihlanganisa isekhondi umamukeli, engesiyo selehlile nge liquid nitrogen, ngakho-ke okungukuthi isetshenziselwe ukuthola ukushisa izingibe. Asebentisa lendlela yehlulekile ukuqeda ukushiyeka kwethu okungathí sina ezazitholakala eyandulela eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ephathekayo anti-aircraft missile uhlelo "Igla" kwaba elaziwa kakhulu e amabutho emazweni amaningi emhlabeni.

Ukuze kwandiswe amathuba ukushaya kwelitshe, onjiniyela futhi kwahlomisela rocket ezengeziwe ESP izinto zizoshintsha. Ngenxa yale njongo, ukuze ihlanganise ezengeziwe yesibili ngamandla izinjini senziwe egumbini lokuqondisa.

Ezinye izici ze-rocket

Ubude missile entsha wayesenemali eningi ngaphezu kwesigamu kancane imitha, futhi ubukhulu bayo kwaba 72 mm. Umkhiqizo isisindo kwaba kg 10.6 kuphela. Igama eziyinkimbinkimbi sivela eqinisweni ukuthi inhloko yawo rocket kukhona uhlobo inaliti. Ukuphikisana ezizathwini of the "izazi" ezingasebenzi akuyona Isamukeli sokukhomba emoyeni idabula.

Iqiniso ukuthi projectile ihamba ngesivinini leSupersonic, zaze abahlukanisi kudingeka ukuthuthukisa manageability. Njengoba sazi ukuthi ephathekayo missile emoyeni ukuzivikela uhlelo, okuyinto has a isithombe esihlokweni senzelwe nezalo kokunqotshwa isitha ukulwa izindiza yesimanje, lesi sici design kubaluleke kakhulu.

Layout rocket isikhathi eside kunqunywa ukuklanywa izinhlelo ezifanayo production ezifuywayo. Gos uhlelo ligcinwe ikhanda, bese ehamba kuleli gumbi engangikulo ayo egcwele imishini ngaphezulu nokulawula. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho kwaba iyunithi ukulwa futhi okuqinile-Propellant motor. On izingxenye lateral we rocket zitholakala stabilizers ukusonga.

Ingqikithi yesisindo alufakwa kwaba 1.17 kg. Ngokungafani ngokozalo lwabo, anti-aircraft missile uhlelo "Igla" wasebenzisa namandla kakhulu alufakwa. I speed esiphezulu ezanikeza okuqinile-motor - 600 m / s. Ububanzi esiphezulu injongo kushushiswa kuyinto 5.2 km. Okungenzeka ukunqotshwa - 0,63.

Okwamanje ku izingalo ageleza "Verba" - anti-aircraft uhlelo nangomcibisholo, okuyinto owalandela imibono ehlanganiswe kayisemkhulu.

Isembatho sethu sinamandla

Naphezu esidabukisayo embonini yethu ukuzivikela maphakathi nawo-90s, ochwepheshe abaningi Central Bank waqaphela isidingo esiphuthumayo ukudala ngokuyinhloko entsha uhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela ukuthi uzohlangana umoya izikhathi. Eziningi zalezi "osomaqhinga" Khona bakholwa ukuthi inqolobane Soviet ubuchwepheshe kuyoba anele eziningi iminyaka, kodwa izenzakalo eYugoslavia iye yabonisa ukuthi amadala izinhlelo, nakuba do wabo umsebenzi (engqongqoza 'engabonakali "), kodwa lokhu ke kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka kakhulu kahle abaqeqeshiwe Ochwepheshe, ezingaba yisu ubudala ukumambula cha.

Yingakho ngo-1995 umphakathi anti-aircraft missile eziyinkimbinkimbi "Carapace" kwaboniswa. Thanda ngentuthuko eziningi ezifuywayo kule ndawo, kusekelwe chassis ka KAMAZ futhi "Ural". Can ngokuqiniseka hit okuhloswe buqamama kuze kube amakhilomitha angu-12 ezingeni ukuphakama-8 amakhilomitha.

Missile inobungako 20 amakhilogramu. Ukuze anqobe ezinophephela emhlane isitha UAV kanye ongaphakeme-flying kwenzeka yokukhathala bohlu ezicitshwayo kuhlongozwa ukusebenzisa othomathikhi twin 30mm inganono. Isici eyingqayizivele "Brigandine" wukuthi imishini yayo kungaba kanyekanye aim futhi kwethulwa yezikhali ezicitshwayo ezintathu, kanyekanye sibonakalisa kuhlasela isitha kusuka izibhamu okuzenzakalelayo.

Eqinisweni, ngaphambi yokukhathala ephelele izinhlamvu kudala umshini, ukuze ifohlele ukuthi kunzima kakhulu okuzungezile esingangeneki ngempela zone.

ezicitshwayo Okuningi - imigomo ngaphezulu!

Ngokushesha ngemva kokudalwa 'Wasp "Ezempi ukucabanga ngenxa yokuthi kungaba kuhle ukuba behlome ngemibese abakhasi eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ngongqimba enkulu nokuhamba. Yiqiniso, ngesikhathi esithi asifane kwi "Tunguska" chassis yakhelwe "Umcibisholo". uhlelo Anti-missile ukuthi kwakukuhle kakhulu, kodwa has bokwenza eziningana. Ikakhulukazi, amasosha ungathanda ukuthola nangomcibisholo nge isisindo enkulu warhead futhi kuqhume, onamandla amakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-esengeziwe kokubili ezicitshwayo eyenga sethula angase kancane umhlatshelo maneuverability.

"Thor" Ngakho lapho. Anti-aircraft missile uhlelo lolu hlobo iye esekelwe abakhase futhi waba nesisindo amathani 32, ukuze Onjiniyela babe lula kakhulu nekuwusebentisa e amayunithi engcono efakazelwe kakhulu.

Izimpawu izinhloso okubhekiswe

At ibanga 7 km kanye ukuphakama kuze kufinyelele 6 km "Thor" ukuthola kalula izindiza like US F-15. Zonke UAVs yesimanje kuqhutshwa kusukela ibanga-15 amakhilomitha. ezicitshwayo basitwa nguthishela - a semi-automatic, ukuze ngendlela lejulile umgomo kuba opharetha kusuka emhlabathini, bese iza ezishintshayo.

By the way, cishe izici ezifanayo ine anti-izindiza missile uhlelo "Buk", okuyinto kwavunyelwana ngayo mayelana nenkathi efanayo.

Uma iqembu phansi wabulawa ayebulawe ngokushesha ngemva kwethulwa missile, kungaba ngokugcwele yokululama othomathikhi futhi ukulungisa control indiza uhlelo missile amabutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imodi othomathikhi ngokugcwele icushiwe lapho ephelezelwa nokushutha Okuqondiwe amaningi, okungaba izingcezu-48!

Ngokushesha ngemva singangenwa onjiniyela waqala uye wakwenza nesimanje "Thor." Anti-aircraft missile uhlelo isizukulwane esisha ilungisiwe ezokuthutha kanye ukulayisha imoto, okuyinto ukunciphisa isikhathi replenishment nezinhlamvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inguqulo ebuyekeziwe kwaba indlela esingcono sokuthungatha okuqondiswe ezingaba ngokunembile hit inqubo isitha ngisho ne ukuphazamiseka eqinile optical.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-algorithm entsha yethulwa simiso izinjongo ukuthola. Uvumela ambalwa ukuthola isitha phezulu ezinophephela emhlane. Lokhu kwenza anti-aircraft missile uhlelo "Tor M2U" wangempela "umbulali ezinophephela emhlane." Inzuzo enkulu ye-imodeli entsha waba ohluke ngokuphelele nokuphathwa module, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba ukufanisa kuhlasela kweminyango wezikhali amabhethri, wokuxhumanisa nokuhlaselwa izikhundla isitha. Yiqiniso, ukuphumelela eziyinkimbinkimbi kuleli cala kakhulu kwandisa.

Yiqiniso, ukuze anti-aircraft missile uhlelo S-300PS "Thor" ku izici zayo kodwa iyafundisa, eklanyelwe kahle futhi amasampula idatha izikhali ngezinhloso eziningi ezahlukahlukene.