Biography emfushane nangemisebenzi yokuphulukisa Solzhenitsyna Aleksandra Isaevicha

Lapho exoxa ne-Aleksandr uSolzhenitsyn wavuma ukuthi ukuphila kwakhe yayizimisele Russian Revolution. Lokho umbhali wayecabanga inoveli "OwokuQala Circle"? Umlando kaZwelonke uyaqhubeka ukujika edabukisayo esidlelwa ekusithekeni. Fakazani kubo umbhali kubhekwe kuyisibopho sakhe. USolzhenitsyn - neqhaza elikhulu ukutadisha umlando kwekhulu XX.

i-curriculum vitae

USolzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isaevich wazalwa ngo-1918 e Kislovodsk. Yena bazibandakanya emsebenzini owodwa owenziwe etemibhalo kanye intsha. Ngaphambi kwempi yayinesithakazelo ngaphezu kwakho konke emlandweni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Isihloko, umbhali esizayo, ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni kanye isishoshovu social anikezelwe imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala etemibhalo.

indlela ekuticambela sokuphila esiyingqayizivele uSolzhenitsyn. Ibe ngufakazi kanye umhlanganyeli zezenzakalo ezingokomlando ezibalulekile - injabulo ngoba umbhali, kodwa kungaba inhlekelele enkulu komuntu.

Ukugqashuka kwempi uSolzhenitsyn elalihlangana eMoscow. Lapha wafundiswa ngeposi e-Institute of History, Philosophy kanye nezincwadi zokufunda. Ngemva kwakhe kwaba Rostov University. Phambili - esiPhethe School, uphenyo kanye nokuboshwa. Ngo nineties ngasekupheleni umagazini tetemibhalo "INguqulo Yezwe Elisha" yashicilelwa imisebenzi uSolzhenitsyn, lapho umlobi kubonakala isipiliyoni lakhe lempi. Futhi wayekade eside.

Isikhulu wezikhali, umbhali esizayo imukile Eagle ukuze yaseMpumalanga Prussia. ke kweminyaka izenzakalo isikhathi umkhiqizo ozinikele "Zhelyabugskie ndawo", "Adliga Shvenkitten". Wayekhona kakhulu ezindaweni lapho owawunayo ngaphambili osuyazi Army General Samsonov. Imicimbi ngo-1914 uSolzhenitsyn abazinikezele incwadi yakhe "The Red Wheel."

UCaptain Ball uSolzhenitsyn waboshwa ejele lezingane ngo-1945. Okwalandela babe iminyaka eminingi emajele, emakamu, izixhumanisi. Ngemva nokuvuselelwa ngo-1957, uthisha esikoleni ngomzana, eduze Ryazan. Igumbi uSolzhenitsyn okuqashiswe isakhamuzi sendawo - Matrona Zakharovna, kamuva elaba-prototype umlingiswa oyinhloko "Matryona" indaba.

Umlobi komhlaba

Ngo ibhuku ngempilo yakhe, "Oak kanye Inkonyane" uSolzhenitsyn wavuma ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba aboshwe, nakuba yasinamathela izincwadi, kodwa kunalokho ngokungazi. Ngezikhathi zokuthula, ngenkululeko, yena waba wacasulwa yokuthi izindaba ukuthola izihloko fresh lula. Yini obungayenza uSolzhenitsyn, uma ebengalidluliselanga zitshalwa kuphi?

Izihloko izindaba, novellas nasezincwadini ziye engazalwa izimpahla, ezazigcinwe emabhalekisini, e ezitokisini. Ukungakwazi ukubhala phansi imicabango yakho, wadala izahluko eziphelele amanoveli "The Gulag Archipelago" futhi "OwokuQala Circle" emqondweni, bese ngekhanda ngenhliziyo.

Lapho esededelwe, Aleksandr Isaevich aqhubeka ebhala izinhlamvu. Phrinta imisebenzi yakhe e-zamashumi amahlanu kwakubonakala kuyiphupho. Kodwa akazange wayeka ngokubhala, bekholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe buyophela odlala, izindaba kanye amanoveli ukufunda ngisho inzalo.

Ukuze ushicilele imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala kuphela ngo-1963 wakwazi uSolzhenitsyn. Izincwadi, izincwadi njengoba ehlukene avele kamuva. Ezweni lakubo angase ukuphrinta izindaba e- "Nguqulo Yezwe Elisha." Kodwa kwaba injabulo okuhle ngendlela engakholeki.

isifo

Sokufunda okubhaliwe bese bashise - indlela elisebenza ukuphepha uSolzhenitsyn yabo esisetshenziswe ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa lapho esekudingisweni odokotela bamtshele ukuthi babeyophila baze emasontweni ambalwa, wesaba ngaphezu kwakho konke lokho uJehova edala ngeke ubone umfundi. USolzhenitsyn kwadingeka kungekho muntu wokukusindisa. Abangane - emakamu. Umama washona. Unkosikazi engekho isehlukaniso futhi ngowenye indoda. USolzhenitsyn waphenduka umbhalo wesandla, okuyinto wakwazi ukubhala, wayesezibeka ibhodlela champagne, lokhu ibhodlela wangcwatshwa ensimini. Ngaya kuyo Tashkent ukuba bafe ...

Nokho, wasinda. Ngo ezinzima uphethwe yokutakula kwabonakala bika kusuka ngenhla. Entwasahlobo ka-1954, uSolzhenitsyn wabhala, "Labor weRiphabhulikhi" - umsebenzi yokuqala, uma udala umbhali kabani operatives wazile injabulo akababhubhisi ndima ukudlula, futhi ukwazi ukufunda umsebenzi wakho ngokuphelele.

"OwokuQala Circle"

Esikhathini etemibhalo inoveli komhlaba mayelana sharashka elalibhalwe ngazo. I prototypes ngiswa abasemqoka abazizwa kule noveli "The First Circle" baba umbhali nabangane bakhe. Kodwa, naphezu kwakho konke ongase ukwenze, kanye nokuzibophezela ukushicilela umsebenzi version lulula, sathola ithuba funda kuphela i-KGB. ERussia, inoveli "OwokuQala Circle," esanyatheliswa ngo-1990 ngonyaka. E-West - kuya engamashumi amabili nambili ekuqaleni.

"Ngolunye usuku Ivana Denisovicha"

Camp - ezweni ekhethekile. It has lutho nomuntu lapho abantu khulula lihlale kuyo. Ekamu ngamunye okusinda yabo ingafi. Ngo umsebenzi wokuqala eshicilelwe uSolzhenitsyn okubonisa usuku olulodwa ukuphila hero. Mayelana nokuphila ekamu nombhali wayezibonele ngawakhe. Yingakho ngakho ekuhlaba umxhwele umfundi okwangempela okwe eyiqiniso, okuyinto ekhona indaba, owabhala uSolzhenitsyn.

Izincwadi omlobi eyathinta emphakathini womhlaba wonke, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa nokwethenjelwa. USolzhenitsyn babekholelwa ukuthi ithalente komlobi buphela, bese befa ngokuphelele uma emsebenzini wakhe efuna ukugwema iqiniso. Futhi ngakho, ngokuba isikhathi eside e inyumbazana ngokuphelele etemibhalo hhayi ukukwazi ukushicilela imiphumela iminyaka yakhe eminingi emsebenzini, alunamhawu yokuphumelela abamele okuthiwa okwangempela sezenhlalo. Abalobi Union waxosha Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova futhi Pasternak sinqatshelwe. Bulgakov akazange athathe. Kuleli zwe ithalente futhi uma kwakukhona, ngokushesha sabe sesifa.

ukushicilelwa umlando

Ngena umbhalo wesandla, ithunyelwa umhleli we- "INguqulo Yezwe Elisha", igama lakhe uSolzhenitsyn akazange alinge. Ngithemba ukuthi "Ngolunye usuku Ivana Denisovicha" ukubona ukukhanya, cishe wayengekho. Long izinyanga sikhathele sele idlulile solo ngaleso sikhathi njengoba omunye abangane yomlobi wathumela amashidi eziningana, abhalwe wesandla encane abasebenzi eyinhloko ukushicilela indlu wezwe tetemibhalo, kungazelelwe lapho kufika isimemo esivela Twardowski.

Umbhali "Vasiliya Terkina" futhi itoho abakhulu umhleli we- "INguqulo Yezwe Elisha," umbhalo wesandla i umbhali akaziwa ufunde Anna Berzer. Isisebenzi yendlu kokushicilela aphakanyisiwe Tvardovsky ufunde indaba, ethi ibinzana eyaba juqu :. "Kumayelana zokuphila kuleli kamu, ngokusebenzisa amehlo ongumlimi elula" Imbongi omkhulu Soviet, umbhali izinkondlo samasosha yokushisekela izwe wayevela ongumlimi umndeni elula. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi lapho indaba egameni "abantu abavamile," ke ithakazelisa kakhulu.

"I Gulag Archipelago"

A inoveli mayelana abakhileyo emakamu kukaStalin, uSolzhenitsyn wadala eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi. Ngokokuqala ngqá lo msebenzi wakhe wanyatheliswa France. Ngo-1969, "The Gulag Archipelago" kwase kuphelile. Nokho, ukushicilela eSoviet Union umsebenzi yokuthi kwakunzima nje kuphela kodwa futhi kuyingozi. Omunye wabasizi yomlobi, okuyinto zibhaliwe khona umqulu wokuqala we umsebenzi, waba yisisulu sokushushiswa wama-KGB. Ngenxa yalokho kokuboshwa futhi ngemibuzo le-stop-non owesifazane wezinsuku ezinhlanu osekhulile ayesanda bemelene uSolzhenitsyn. Bese wazibulala.

Ukulandela lezi zenzakalo, umbhali akangabazanga ngesidingo ukuphrinta "Archipelago" phesheya.

kwezilwandle

USolzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isaevich waxoshwa eSoviet Union ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa lapho kukhululwa inoveli "I Gulag Archipelago." Umlobi wamangalelwa ngokuba imbuka. Abezindaba Soviet kabanzi ehlanganiswa ubunjalo ubugebengu asolwa uSolzhenitsyn. Ikakhulu, i-"Archipelago" umbhali asolwa ekusizeni vlasov phakathi nempi. Kodwa lutho kwathiwani okuqukethwe incwadi evusa amadlingozi.

Kuze ezinsukwini zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe, uSolzhenitsyn abayekanga imisebenzi yakhe etemibhalo nomphakathi. Lapho exoxa ne-nakomagazini angaphandle, in the Eighties ekuseni, umbhali waseRussia wabonisa ukuqiniseka ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukubuyela ekhaya. Khona-ke kwakubonakala ekwenzekeni kwento engenakwenzeka.

ukubuya

Ngo-1990, uSolzhenitsyn wabuya. ERussia, uye ebhaliwe izihloko eziningi ezindabeni zezombangazwe nezenhlalo zamanje. Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi izimali kumbhali efakwe ohlwini ekusekeleni iziboshwa nemindeni yabo. Omunye amaprimiyamu - esivuna eChernobyl izisulu NPP. Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi Order of St Andrey Pervozvannogo umbhali wenqaba noma kunjalo, omema ukunqikaza ukuthatha isinyathelo umklomelo we amandla ophakeme, okuyinto ilethe ezweni ukuba esimweni ezikuso manje sorry.

USolzhenitsyn - zinegalelo elikhulu izincwadi Russian. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, sasibhekwa a ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni kanye ubuzwe. USolzhenitsyn akazange avumelane lo mbono, kuphikisana ukuthi - umbhali waseRussia ngubani ngaphezu kwakho konke walithanda izwe lenkaba yabo.