EChernobyl izisulu. Izinga inhlekelele

amandla enuzi yaziwa njengenye omunye ephephile futhi ethembisayo. Kodwa ngo-April 1986 izwe onyakaziswa owayenecala ngale nhlekelele Amazing: ophendulayo yamila ngaso lesi sitshalo eduze kwedolobha Pripyat. Umbuzo ukuthi abantu abaningi abane-of eChernobyl lapho, futhi namanje kuyindaba yokukhathalelwa mpikiswano, kusukela kunezinhlobo ezahlukene nokuhlola criteria kanye izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, akungabazeki ukuthi isikali zale nhlekelele Extraordinary. Ngakho-ke yini isibalo izisulu zezinhlekelele eChernobyl e ngokoqobo? Iyini imbangela nhlekelele?

Njengoba kwakunjalo

Ngobusuku buka- 26 ku-April 1986 , ukuqhuma kwenzeka lapho eChernobyl amandla enuzi. Ngenxa yalokho zale ngozi ophendulayo yakhe yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele, ingxenye amandla iyunithi futhi lingamanxiwa. Esimweni izakhi enemisebe zaziphonswa - iodine, strontium ne cesium. Ukuqhuma waqala umlilo, mass metal ezibunjiwe, nophethiloli nokhonkolo kuthululwe isikhala aphansi ngaphansi ophendulayo. Ngo zasekuseni eChernobyl izisulu zisezincane, ukubulala amaphoyisa emsebenzini. Kodwa unobuqili yokusabela zenuzi ukuthi unakho eside, isenzo imisiwe. Ngakho-ke, inani eliphelele izisulu laqhubeka lenyuka nsuku zonke. Ukwanda abalimala ngenxa abanye abakwazi ukufunda futhi ukuziphatha iziphathimandla ngesikhathi isinyathelo idilize. Ezinsukwini zokuqala ukuqeda ingozi futhi ukucima waphonswa eziningi amasevisi ekhethekile amabutho, amasosha, amaphoyisa, kodwa nokuphepha kwabo akekho okwakungikhathaza ngempela. Ngakho-ke, inani izisulu selikhule ngokuphindaphindiwe, nakuba lokhu besingagwemeka. Kodwa lapha indima eyadlalwa isici ukuthi akekho zaziyigolide, zilungisiwe Esimweni esinjalo, isibonelo esinjalo izingozi ezinkulu kwakungafanele, ngakho-ke kwakungeyona enengqondo isinyathelo simo athuthukile.

Kanjani amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza

NPP operation essence lakhelwe i-imeyli engahlonziwe lapho ukushisa ikhishwe. I enuzi ngokuhlakaza inikeza inhlangano elawulwa self asekela ukuqoqwa chain reaction. Lokhu amandla inqubo ukukhishwa, okuyinto ibe ugesi. Ngokokuqala ngqá le ophendulayo wethulwa 1942 e-United States ngaphansi kokuqondisa physics esidumile Enrico Fermi. Umgomo we isenzo ophendulayo yakhelwe chain reaction ka-uranium kwamazinyo ngokuhamba lapho zikhona neutrons, konke lokhu kuhambisane ukukhululwa gamma ngemisebe sokushisa kwemini. Ngesimo yemvelo kwamazinyo inqubo yayo ihlanganisa ama-athomu division okwandisa exponentially. Kodwa kule ophendulayo ilawulwa yokusabela, ukuze inqubo kukhawulwe sokuhlukanisa ama-athomu. izinhlobo Wanamuhla sikhungo Ubuningi bamahora ivikelwe izinhlobo eziningana izinhlelo esivikelayo yizona ke kubhekwe ephephile. Nokho, umkhuba imibukiso ezingeke njalo okuqinisekisiwe harmlessness amadivayisi ezinjalo, ngakho-ke, ngaso sonke isikhathi uhlala ingozi izingozi, okwaholela abantu befa. Izisulu EChernobyl - sibonelo esigqamile. Ngemva kule nhlekelele Uhlelo lokuvikela ezindaweni zamandla iye ngcono kakhulu, kwakukhona sarcophagi zokwakheka, ngokuvumelana Onjiniyela ezithembeke kakhulu.

Umthelela emisebeni phezu komuntu

Ukubola uranium ezikhishwe gamma rays, okuthiwa ngemisebe. Le nkulumo ibhekisela inqubo ionizing, ukuthi ifinyelela inhliziyo ngokusebenzisa izicubu, emisebeni. Ngenxa ionization ka radicals khulula akhiwa ezibangela omkhulu izicubu ukubhujiswa amaseli. Kukhona umthetho ukunikeza izicubu organic okuyinto ukumelana ngempumelelo. Kodwa emisebeni avame ukunqwabelana phezu esaphila. Ingcoliswe izicubu emisebeni ngokuthi ukuchayeka nezifo ngenxa yalokhu, - ngemisebe. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-emisebeni - zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, le ukungaqaliswa wesibili kungenzeka emisebeni (ngemithamo emincane). Lapho edalulwa i izindlela zangaphandle ekulondolozeni angakafakwa wadala. Izisulu lokuqala eChernobyl abaye babulawa acute ukugula ngemisebe ngenxa yokuchayeka zangaphandle. Kobukhulu ukuchayeka emisebeni eyingozi kuba namanje iqiniso ukuthi ine umphumela zofuzo kanye nemiphumela ukutheleleka avame esilimaza inzalo lesiguli. Ngakho, ngo-post-ukutheleleka ngokuvamile ukulungisa ukwanda ezininginingi lapho kuzalwa izingane bephethwe izifo ezihlukahlukene zofuzo. Abantwana, izisulu eChernobyl zizalelwe Bendawo waphinde wavakashela Pripyat, ukuze isibonelo elesabekayo.

Izimbangela le nhlekelele

Disaster eChernobyl kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe uvivinyo imodi eziphuthumayo "ukugudla". Kuphethe test kwakuthiwe kuhlelwe ngesikhathi we kokulungisa ophendulayo. Apreli 25 kwakufanele athathe indawo stop nalehleliwe yesine amandla iyunithi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuyekisa i-imeyli engahlonziwe - inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ayiqondakali ngokuphelele. Kulokhu, lo "ukugudla" Imodi ukuthi "alandwa" ngokokuqala lesine. Zonke okwazanywa kushabalele ezahlukene, kodwa ke izinga ucwaningo zazincane kakhulu. Kulokhu, inqubo ingahambi njengoba lohleliwe. Ukusabela is akazange asehlise isivinini, njengoba kulindeleke, amandla amandla ukukhululwa ezimathonsi yanda, ngenxa yalokho - ohlelweni nokuvikeleka asizange sisinde. Ukuze imizuzwana 10 emva alamu zokugcina amandla isignali baba ukuphendula inhlekelele, futhi kuye kwaba ukuqhuma eziningana wabhubhisa ophendulayo.

Izimbangela kulo mcimbi namanje lafundvwako. Investigation yengozi, uKhomishane wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi kwaba ngenxa ephule ngokuphelele imiyalelo esiteshini abasebenzi. Banquma ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa, naphezu kwakho konke isixwayiso yingozi. nophenyo Okwalandela baye babonisa ukuthi isikali le nhlekelele kungenzeka liye lehla uma iziphathimandla ukuba aziphathe ngokuhambisana nemithetho ukuphepha uma iziphathimandla kungukuthi edlula phezu kwamaqiniso ingozi yenhlekelele.

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi kamuva ukuthi ophendulayo kwaba ngokuphelele ukubhekana ukuhlolwa okuhleliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwabasebenzi izinsizakalo ophendulayo engakaze isungulwe nokuxhumana obunobunye esikuvimbela abasebenzi iziteshi ayeke isikhathi ukuhlola. EChernobyl, inani izisulu namanje ifakiwe, isibe umcimbi mlando ngamandla enuzi umkhakha emhlabeni wonke.

Imicimbi kanye umhlatshelo izinsuku zokuqala

Ngesikhathi le ngozi ku ophendulayo kwaba abantu abambalwa kuphela. Izisulu lokuqala EChernobyl - abasebenzi ababili esiteshini. Omunye bafa ujuqu, umzimba wakhe ayibonanga ukwazile kukhishwe kusukela ngaphansi bhasi 130 ton, owesibili Wabulawa amanxeba okusha ngakusasa. Endaweni umlilo iyunithi olukhethekile izicishamlilo sithunyelwe. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo emlilweni sanqamuka. Abazange umlilo uthole amandla lwesithathu futhi kuvimbele ukulimala ngokwengeziwe. Kodwa 134 abantu (abatakuli neziteshi abasebenzi) got a omkhulu umthamo ngemisebe , futhi abantu abangu-28 bafela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezizayo. Of izembatho zokuzivikela ngesikhathi abatakuli babe ngendwangu ukuma amagilavu kuphela. Okukhulu L. Telyatnikov ezathatha ukuphathwa kwe-ukucima umlilo, ukuphepha wahlinzwa ukuze ukufakelwa umnkantsha, futhi wamsiza ukusinda. Okungenani abathintekayo car abashayeli kanye nabasebenzi ambulensi, owafika lapho abatakuli kwaqhubeka kwenzeka izibonakaliso ka-acute ukugula ngemisebe. Gwema abongazimbi lwalungaba uma abahambisi bosizo ngisho babe amathuluzi ukukala ngemisebe amakhambi aphansi.

izenzo Iziphathimandla '

Izinga inhlekelele ibingaba ezincane uma hhayi izenzo iziphathimandla kanye nabezindaba. Izinsuku zokuqala ezimbili ngemva inhlolovo emisebeni lwenziwe, futhi abantu baqhubeka bahlala Pripyat. Abezindaba awuzange uvunyelwe ukukhuluma ngengozi, amahora angu-36 emva ngozi yashiya imiyalezo amabili amafushane ulwazi kumabonakude. Futhi abantu unolwazi mayelana usongo, khulula kwanoma iyiphi ukungaqaliswa ezidingekayo ukutheleleka. Lapho izwe lonke kokukhathazeka siphaphamele nomoya base-USSR ekhatsi Kiev zabantu abhikisha May Day ukuboniswa. Lonke ulwazi akukhona uyazi ukuthi kugqamuke amalangabi ukuthi oluthathwa, ngisho odokotela kanye abezokuphepha ngalokho okwenzekile futhi ngezinga elingakanani. Kamuva, iziphathimandla walungisiswa ethi babengafuni ukufaka itwetwe kuwo wonke. izinsuku ezimbalwa kuphela kamuva kuhlengwe izakhamuzi esifundeni. Kodwa uma iziphathimandla zaqala ukwenza ngaphambili, izisulu eChernobyl, isithombe esavela abezindaba kamuva nje kwamasonto ambalwa, kwakuyoba ingasaphathwa.

Disaster Relief

endaweni elinegciwane kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi yehlukaniswe off futhi waqala ingozi eyinhloko bawabulale. Umthamo eliphakeme lemisebe wathola lokuqala izicishamlilo 600 ezazithunywe le ukungaqaliswa ngemisebe. Baqhubeka ngesibindi bezabalaza ukuze umlilo usabalale, futhi kabusha i-imeyli engahlonziwe. Territory egcwele ingxube ekhethekile lapho uvinjelwe Ukushisa we ophendulayo. Ukuze uvimbele Ukushisa okuphindiwe ophendulayo waxoshelwa amanzi ngaphansi kwayo yavubukulwa Umhubhe okuyinto ivikelwe ingress mass oncibilikisiwe ku amanzi nomhlabathi. Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa, lakhiwa emhlabeni sarcophagus ophendulayo yamisa edamini eduze River Pripyat. Abantu ukuhamba EChernobyl, ngokuvamile babengakuqondi ingozi, ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona eziningi amavolontiya abafuna iqhaza endaweni ahlanzekile-up. Abanye abaculi, kuhlanganise Alla Pugacheva wanika amakhonsathi phambi Bendawo.

Izinga inhlekelele kweqiniso

Inombolo ephelele "Bendawo" ngokokuqala lomsebenzi abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-600. Kulawa, abantu mayelana 60,000 wafa, 200,000 babe ekhubazekile. Nakuba, ngokusho uhulumeni, eChernobyl izisulu, izithombe zazo kuyabonakala namuhla kumawebhusayithi abazinikezele iphahlazeke, senza eziningi ezincane kakhulu, ngakho ngokusemthethweni wafa emiphumeleni nokuqedwa saziwa iminyaka isamba abantu 200 20. Ngokusemthethweni obonwa indawo okungayi 30-ikhilomitha ndawo. Kodwa ochwepheshe bathi le ndawo ethintekile olukhudlwana futhi ihlanganisa ezingaphezu kuka-200 amakhilomitha square.

Siza izisulu zezinhlekelele EChernobyl

Isimo wathatha umthwalo ukuphila impilo izisulu eChernobyl. Labo kwavala nemiphumela yengozi, owayehlala futhi esebenzela ezonini ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi, ukubeka izinzuzo, kuhlanganise impesheni, khulula ukwelashwa spa, imithi. Kodwa eqinisweni, lezi zinzuzo bacishe laughable. Phela, abantu abaningi kufanele uthole ukwelashwa okubizayo, okuyiwona impesheni kusobala akwanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba nzima ukuthola isigaba "Chernobylets". Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi kuleli zwe nakwamanye amazwe kwakukhona izinhlangano zosizo eziningi zinengxenye asekelayo izisulu zezinhlekelele eChernobyl, kanye nemali eyanikelwa abantu, kwakhiwa lesikhumbuzo ngalabo ababa yizisulu kuleso eChernobyl e Bryansk, olwenziwa imisebenzi eminingi, izinzuzo ekhokhelwe izihlobo sabafileyo.

isizukulwane New "EChernobyl"

Ngaphezu kwalabo abathintekayo ngqo kanye nabongazimbi le nhlekelele ngokuthi "EChernobyl" izisulu emisebeni - Abantwana bakwa Bendawo nezifiki kusuka endaweni elinegciwane. Ngokusemthethweni, eChernobyl uphakathi kwesizukulwane iphesenti izingane okungenamsoco yesibili kancane ephakeme kunaleyo inani elifanayo pathologies kwezinye izakhamuzi Russia. Kodwa izibalo kuveza. Abantwana bakwa-eChernobyl kungenzeka ukuba uhlushwa izifo zofuzo ezifana-Down syndrome okuningi, nivame izifo umdlavuza.

eChernobyl namuhla

Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi wafakwa msebenzi. Kuphela ngo-2000, iziphathimandla Ukraine baye bayeka yonke sikhungo yayo. Ngenhla ophendulayo yaqala ukwakha sarcophagus entsha ngo-2012, kuphelile ukwakhiwa e 2018. Namuhla, ngokuvamile izinga lemisebe ye kule indawo okungayi sesinciphe kakhulu, kodwa noma kunjalo izikhathi 200 ephakeme kunaleyo esiphezulu umthamo kuvumelekile abantu. EChernobyl, kuyilapho kokuqhubeka behlala izilwane, sikhule izitshalo nabantu sokuya khona uhambo, naphezu kwengozi yokutheleleka, abanye ngisho ukuzingela lapho futhi ukudla amakhowe futhi amajikijolo, nakuba akuvunyelwe nakancane. EChernobyl izisulu, isithombe okunobuthi amasayithi akuzona abantu umxhwele yesimanje, abawona kokunaka izingozi emisebeni, futhi ngenxa yalokho, cabanga ivakashele kule ndawo njengoba sesiphila.

Izisulu zala EChernobyl

Namuhla, usizi kancane kancane liyancipha ku esidlule, bonke abantu ngaphansi ukukhumbula abafileyo, ecabanga ngabantu ababeyizisulu zalesi siphepho. Nakuba inani elikhulu eChernobyl nobunzima abanezifo ezimbi kakhulu, izingane ezikhubazekile. Namuhla, ngokuvamile kakhulu kuphela usuku inkumbulo izisulu EChernobyl - 26 April kanye nabezindaba kwenza abantu abacabanga ngazo mayelana nhlekelele.

Isiphetho amandla enuzi kakhulu emhlabeni

Izingozi 20 no-21 leminyaka, eChernobyl futhi Fukushima amandla enuzi aye abeka umbuzo abukhali ngesidingo eduze nokuqapha ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi. Namuhla-15% wezindleko energy isivuno esikhungweni samandla enuzi, kodwa emazweni amaningi uhlela ukwandisa lokhu kwabelana. Njengoba namanje enye yezindlela eshibhe nephephile zokukhiqiza ugesi. EChernobyl, lapho isisulu yengozi isikhumbuzi qaphela, manje kubonakala njengoba esidlule. Nokho kusuka ngesikhathi kwenzeka ingozi emhlabeni seyithuthuke nilondekile zenuzi.