Black usayizi Sea: ukujula, ububanzi nobude

Esikhathini zomlando kukhona imibhalo efakazela ukuthi ulwazi lokuqala mayelana oLwandle Olumnyama basonta ekhulwini V. BC. Kungenxa Argonauts yakhe anesibindi, eholwa Jason waya Colchis beyofuna Golden Fleece, ekunqobeni izithiyo eziningi. Uma ungazange ushintshe njengoba igama! Black Sea kule inkomba lifaka lokuqala emhlabeni. Njengoba kukhulunywa okokuqala kule imibhalo kwegama ishintshile izikhathi ezingaba ngu-20.

Lapho benza igama zanamuhla?

Kukhona izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene ngemvelaphi yayo. AmaGreki asendulo wawuqamba Sea - Pont Axinus, okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle neze." Leli gama weza ngenxa yezinkinga navigation yi abagibeli bemikhumbi yasendulo, ngaphakathi spite of encane, uma eqhathaniswa nabanye, ubukhulu yoLwandle Olumnyama. Uma kahle nogu bamakoloni, kushintshile ku Pont Euxine, okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "friendly." Emakhulwini eminyaka 10-16 rusichi walibiza ngokuthi "Russian Sea", noma "umSkithe". Namuhla igama kwesigubhu - Black.

Kungani leli gama? Umthombo wokuqala igama libhekisela ekhulwini XIII, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi uvele ekuqaleni kakhulu. Omunye umbono usikisela ukuthi kwavela igama ngenxa yalokho kuvukela yabantu bomdabu ngokumelene abanqobi yabo. "Kara Deniz" - "omnyama engamili lutho." Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, okubizwa ngokuthi kuye nge ababaleki abavela emazweni angu-eningizimu, okuyinto kuyagcinwa phakathi nesivunguvungu esibhakabhakeni esimnyama ihlanganiswe ne amanzi asolwandle. Reservoir empeleni isiphepho olunesivunguvungu ubukeka abamnyama.

Omunye umbono uwukuthi igama yesimanje umsuka ngenxa izakhiwo ezithile kwesigubhu "ukungcolisa" ku amahange nezinye izinto ukujula. Lokhu kwenziwa ngenxa yethonya hydrogen sulfide. Ngokusho neminye, igama layo isibe udaka olwaluluningi abamnyama, okuyinto ngezikhathi aphonswe waya ogwini phakathi nesiphepho.

Ubukhulu Sea: ububanzi, ubude

Ponta isinqumo wazama ukubala uHerodotus yokulinganisa ezigabeni, okuyinto sinquma imoto uhambo ngesikhathi zemikhosi yokuzitika usuku (ibanga). ubude bayo, ngokuvumelana uHerodotus, ayenezitebhisi 11.100, ububanzi iyindawo ivulekile kakhulu - 3300 izinyathelo. Izazi Modern nethuba kungakapheli ikhilomitha ukubala usayizi yoLwandle Olumnyama. I enkulu Ubude baso kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga - ibanga phezu 1150 km, kusuka ogwini kuya ogwini Bulgarian laseGeorgia.

Kusukela emzaneni Ukrainian Koblevo ukuba lwaseTurkey silingana Sea (km) -616, ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu. Ubude elincane mayelana 265 km. Nge endaweni lezazi zokuma kwendawo, ososayensi namanje awukwazi ukunquma, naphezu ubukhulu eyaziwa yoLwandle Olumnyama. Ngokwezazi ezithile izibalo, ke ithatha 422000 amakhilomitha square, futhi ngakolunye - 436 400 km². Ubude ingqikithi ugu imayelana 4100 km. Inani equkethwe yamanzi - cubic amakhilomitha angaba 555 000.

Kuyini ubukhulu yoLwandle Olumnyama ngesikhathi ukujula? Lezi zinkomba zimi kanje: ukujula esiphezulu esiphakathi 2212-2245 m, ngokwesilinganiso - 1250 ubude ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga okuyingxenye kwesigubhu ikhishwe ukuze kukhona eside engajulile amanzi zone, sifinyelela phezulu 200 km ubude nobubanzi - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-160 metres ..

Umsuka olwandle

Kulesi isikhala, iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-30-40 edlule, kwathiwa elise ulwandlekazi ka Tethys. Geological vumelekile izinqubo ngaso sonke isikhathi kwakheka sendawo kwesiqongo sezintaba, njengoba Carpathians, zase-Alps futhi eCaucasus, okuyinto niphihlizwe ulwandlekazi ka Tethys emizimbeni ezincane yamanzi. Omunye wabo kwakungu- Sea Sarmatian. Laliqhele esizeni lanamuhla Aral, Azov, Black futhi iCaspian iziLwandle.

imininingwane geological

Usayizi oLwandle Olumnyama ithumba umgodi, ahlukaniswa Atlantic Ocean. macrorelief heterogeneous yakhe futhi siqukethe ezindaweni ezintathu egqamile: emthambekeni Continental, eshalofini futhi umcengezi ezijulile. Shelf zone kuphawulwa ekujuleni encane, emthambekeni yezwekazi is engalingani kakhulu, it libhekene khona ngwenya zigodi nezigodi. Basin ifinyelela ukujula enkulu maphakathi oLwandle Olumnyama. Futhi, endaweni eyinhloko nesimo sendawo ngezansi ngokulandela Alpine zone geosynclinal. Reservoir bazogcwalisa emifuleni Eurasia Dnieper, Dniester, Bug Southern, iDanube, Psou, Bzyb, Cawdor, Yesil-Irmak, Inguri, Rioni, nabanye.

Lona eziphawuleka kakhulu hydrosulfide pool kule planethi yethu. Ukuhlukanisa isici kuba ngokucacile elingaphezu kukahhafu, ngaphandle ezehlukile zinhlobo anaerobic microorganism, unsuitability ukuphila ekujuleni ngezansi 150-200 m. Lezi izingqimba esikuthola kuyi-hydrogen sulfide, ekuqongeleleni okuyinto lihlanganiswe ngokuqondile labantu amagciwane sulfate-ukunciphisa. I usawoti isilinganiso elingenhla izingqimba amanzi engxenyeni ephakathi kwesigubhu - ngokwesilinganiso (16-18 ‰). Ekujuleni ngezansi 150-200 m ke kwandisa ukuba 21-22 ‰.

Yiziphi Ubukhulu Sea?

Echibini Marine is ngokwendawo ihlukaniswe ngemikhakha emithathu eyinhloko. izibalo zabo yilezi:

indawo Geographical

oluseningizimu ye-Sea kusuka Georgia emlonyeni. Rezovska libhekisela endaweni ka-Turkey. West Coast kwesigubhu kungokwalabo Bulgaria, bese - kuya enyakatho kuze kube semngceleni nge-Ukraine - Romania. Amanzi ogwini Black Sea ubizwa wageza yi-Russia, eRomania, eBulgaria Ukraine, Turkey, Abkhazia futhi Georgia. On ubuso bayo sihamba ezingokomfanekiso umngcele phakathi kwe-Asia neYurophu.

Njengoba ubukhulu Black Sea (ububanzi, ubude, ukujula) incane, ingane obrazovyvajutsja amagagasi iqhathaniswa nezinye amachibi evulekile. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa ongaphakeme amanzi exchange nge-Atlantic Ocean. Ulwandle ungumgodi omkhulu zomhlaba, okuyinani eliphakeme e-ukujula -. Mayelana 2245 m Entshonalanga enyakatho-ntshonalanga emikhawulweni ziphansi, kodwa kukhona abanye sezwe emaweni. Ngo eCrimea - ngokuyinhloko ephansi, ngaphandle oluseningizimu ye entabeni. Empumalanga naseningizimu izinhlangothi esondelene kakhulu olwandle efanelekayo Caucasian futhi Pontic Mountains.

Ngesikhathi confluence imifula kwakhiwa amatheku engajulile - Lima Dniester, Khadzhibei, Kuyal'nitskogo, Tiligulskiy futhi Dnipro. Enhlonhlweni elikhulu izenzo Black Sea YaseCrimea, exhunywe kwi ezwekazini ngokusebenzisa Perekop Isthmus. Islands Black Sea ambalwa. Elikhulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwabo - Berezan futhi Oyinyoka, ngasinye endaweni engaphansi kuka 1 km². Kerch Strait nge ekujuleni ezisukela amamitha 4 kuya kweyi-18 uxhuma oLwandle Olumnyama nge oLwandle Azov. Bosporus futhi iDardanelles yi Marmara nolwandle Aegean uxhuma ngayo iMedithera.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Izazi ziye okuxoxwe ngokuphindaphindiwe imfundiso yokuthi oLwandle Olumnyama zenzeka cishe eminyakeni engu 6000-8000 edlule, lapho kuvuke kwamazinga olwandle ngenxa encibilika izinguzunga zeqhwa. Njengoba izinga lamanzi eMediterranean Sea enqobe edamini zemvelo, ogama ndima kwakungesinye namuhla Bosphorus. Ngemva kokuhlukana ukusakaza giant yamanzi ilingana namandla 200 Niagara Falls, uye wagcwalisa umgodi zasolwandle zamanje. Lo msuka yemvelo efana version okwandile kweSikhukhula, okuyinto uchazwa eTestamenteni Elidala. Kubalulekile ukuthi ngalesi nenhlekelele yemvelo enkulu kuvumelana imithombo isayensi nenkolo.