Boris Godunov: Biography emfushane. inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle Borisa Godunova

Boris Godunov wazalwa ngo-1552 e umndeni abadumile boyar. Wayefanele kumaTatar. Ubaba Boris, Fyodor, kuyinto Umninindawo elincane edolobheni, eduze nedolobha Vyazma. Ngo-1569, ubaba insizwa wafa, uBoris wathutha Uncle Dmitri, owaba oprichnik. Wakhonza oda embhedeni. Ngemva kwakhe ilandelwe kanye umshana ezisencane Boris Godunov. Umlando Omfushane yakhe Take-off kuhlanganisiwe umshado nendodakazi Malyuta Skuratov - main nonogada zwe.

eseduze Emibi

Boris wahlangana Tsar Ivan le Kubi, naye bakha ubuhlobo obuseduze, naphezu ubunjalo fastidious umbusi. Wanquma ukuba ashade indodana yakhe encane uTheodore Boris Udadewabo u-Irina. Uma ulahlekelwe indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi Ivan, lokhu isimo kudluliselwa nomfowabo omncane.

Kodwa kuze kube yilapho yenkosi neminyaka yokugcina Boris aqhubeka liziphathe ngokuqapha egcekeni. Bekanye Bogdanom Belskim waba isilinganiselo Ivana Groznogo. Mnumzane Dzherom Gorsey, owayenguyise British Ambassador, wabhala ukuthi phakathi kubo ababili uzizwa indodana futhi abe nguyise. Lapho inkosi yafa, eduze wayedideke kuhlanganise Boris Godunov. Biography emfushane Boyar wathola libe isenzakalo esisha. Manje ungumfowenu-e Tsar Fedor.

umkhwenyana yenkosi

Kugcine Rurikovich ababuthaka ezahlukene kanye nemvelo emnene. Akazange abe iziphiwo zokuphatha noma zokuphatha. Its neze alungele indima umbusi waba namandla amakhulu. Ngakho-ke, umkhandlu boyars ezine sidalwe (kuhlanganise Godunov), okuyinto wanikeza iseluleko umbusi ngokwakhe wahlanganyela izindaba ezithinta inqubomgomo. Ngokushesha baqala ukuvala usongo ngokumelene nomunye balahle encintisana eduze kwenkosi. Amaqembu ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ngezizathu umndeni, izitha yokunyundela esavela bacushiwe emigodini, abangu becindezela.

Ngokushesha okukhulu, kuphela umeluleki futhi isifuba yenkosi Boris Godunov. Umlando Omfushane yenkosi nomfowabo le nkathi kuhlanganisa inhlangano yokhetho, inzalamizi kuqala. Lokhu kwaba yisinyathelo esibalulekile ibhekiswe ekuqiniseni neSonto noMbuso. Ngemuva kokuwa eByzantium, Russia wahlala ingqopha-Orthodox. abapristi ngesiGreki beyeka ukuza kuleli zwe. Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuthi inzalamizi lokuqala kuyoba Russian Metropolitan uJobe.

ibamba abanamakhono

Okulandelayo, uBoris kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso kokubhubhisa, awasalayo lizwe ngemuva ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu engakaze ibonwe Ivana Groznogo kanye oprichnina khona. Endaweni yokuqala saqala ukwakha umuzi. Ngemva Tatar Khanate Kazan bese Astrakhan bathunjwa, eVolga ngiswele wezinqaba abaningi ukuba asivikele imihambuma. Ngakho-ke, lapho Samara, Saratov futhi Tsaritsyn. Ukwakhiwa kwenziwa futhi ngakolunye imingcele umbuso omkhulu (Sifundazwe, eVoronezh Livny). Muva nje, nge-Cossacks Ermak yanqoba entshonalanga yeSiberia, futhi manje ukuze ngokufuduka mass bamakoloni nabantu engumthengisi. Ngakho lapho saseTomsk. Konke lokhu ngokudalwa ukubukelwa Boris Godunov. Mfushane biography nomkhwenyana kuhlanganisiwe imfucuza eziningi ukuhlela zasemadolobheni.

Enye inkinga thi okwakubaluleke ngokufanayo ezinkingeni ezinkulu zezimali. Land is hhayi Lalima, izitshalo wanika ukukhiqizwa kancane. Eminyakeni yamuva, izimo ziye zaba njalo indlala esabekayo. inqubomgomo Borisa Godunova kulokhu kwaba iqiniso lokuthi inqubo ukugqilazwa abalimi wethulwa, okuyinto laba impahla yabantwana bamazwe. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ngokushesha ukudala epulazini elikhulu oqine ukusebenza, ngokuletha isivuno. Ngo 1597 yayibizwa ngemvume isimemezelo phezu iminyaka umkhawulo wesikhathi - yinkathi abalimi nombaleki abangu babanjwe bese bayajeziswa yiziphathimandla. Khona-ke kwaba isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyisithupha.

inqubomgomo angaphandle

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ilungelo ngokusemthethweni Fedor, zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile umfowabo umthetho nge ngokugcwele simelane yinkosi. Lokhu kufakazelwa inqubomgomo angaphandle Boris Godunov. Ngo 1591, kwakubikwa ayehlasela YaseCrimea Khan Kazi Giray. Wayeya ngisho eMoscow, kodwa, ebhekene, umugqa omusha elalisanda kwakhiwa of izinqaba, Ngahlehla. ezinqoleni zayo omkhulu awavunyelwe ukuthuthukisa isivinini xaxa. Army, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Godunov, bafica lolu amaTartar kwababhubhisa. Ngemva kokubuyela e-dolobha, kwaba Boris was yithela umusa bobukhosi, nakuba Umkhuzi main kudlalwa Fedor Mstislavsky.

Omunye umkhankaso thi okwakubaluleke ngokufanayo nempi Sweden. Ngemva ukwehluleka Ivana Groznogo e Livonia ezivela eRussia labo lathathwa insimu oLwandle iBaltic. Ngakho-ke, Fedor futhi Boris wafuna okuziphindiselela. Abaphumelelanga sibonga izenzo ehlelekile kwezinhloko zamaviyo. Ngo 1593 isivumelwano sokuthula esasayinwa, eRussia sathola ngaphansi okuyinto Ivangorod, Koporje nakwamanye amazwe lost Grozny. inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle Borisa Godunova ubephelezelwa impumelelo.

Ukufa Prince Dmitry

Ngo 1591, lishone kabuhlungu nomfowethu omncane Fedor Dmitry. Uma inkosi asihlali izindlalifa, khona-ke lo ingane ozokuthola sobukhosi. Wayehlala Uglich, nalapho afike ashonela khona ngaphansi kwezimo engaqondakali. Ukuze uthole ukuthi imbangela yokufa of indlalifa, eMoscow wathumela ikhomishana eliholwa uJehova wema Vasiliy Shuysky. Wayefuna ukujabulisa Godunov wathi ukuthi umfana wafa ngenxa yobudedengu nokunganaki ka abeluleki zabo, lapho kudlalwa ngommese. Kamuva, lapho Boris wafika amandla, abantu abaningi waqala ukumbeka icala lokwakha itulo kanye nokubulala Dmitri. Ekuqaleni kwaba nje amahemuhemu, kodwa ekugcineni baba imbangela yokuwa inkosi.

Ekumisweni futhi yokucindezelwa

Fedor kwahluka yempilo ebuthaka. Ngakho-ke, kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo 1598 akekho wamangala. Kodwa kulesi siqhingi kwakuhlala umbuzo esikhundleni. Inkosi saba nendodakazi, kodwana bahlongakala isakhasa. Isimo saba esiyingqayizivele, ngoba ngaphambi kwalokho ka-Rurik umugqa oqondile njalo. Esiwujuqu kwaba izwi nomfazi wenkosi u-Irina, ababenikele amandla kumfowabo.

Izimpawu Boris Godunov umusa. Njengoba ibamba of Fedor, wacosha nakho okucebisayo ekuphathweni komphakathi. Amandla ukumelwa kwabantu ngaleso sikhathi, waba pha uNkulunkulu. Godunov ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwakungeyona ingxenye lwamakhosi elibusayo. Ngakho-ke, abaningi bakubheka njengodumo noma nje ngowokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo e le Boyar Duma.

Lesi simo abakwazanga kodwa kuthinte Boris, ezahlela isakhiwo ukushushiswa. Waba nokusola. Abaningi wasondela, baqala ukusebenzisa lesi simo futhi ukuhleba izitha. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kwenzeka Romanovs. Inhloko umndeni Fedor Nikitich wathunyelwa esigodlweni sezindela ngemva kokuba wamangalelwa ngokuthi inkosi uzungu. Othile usanda asuswe enkantolo.

Indlala kanye nabalimi abancane nokuvukela

Futhi, nokho, Ukuxabana ezisezikhundleni eziphakeme kunazo zonke kwamandla akuphazamisi wonkana - abalimi. "Ngezansi" kwakungekho ukumelana lawo mandla, uBoris Godunov. Le nhlekelele Kwagqashuka Eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kokuba wokugcotshwa. Ngo 1601 kwaba khona indlala enkulu ezweni lonke. A zonyaka ezimbalwa kwaba kubanda, ngenxa okuyinto walahlekelwa yingxenye enkulu isivuno. Izifundo zezomlando zisikisela ukuthi isizathu salokhu lapho kuqhuma intaba-mlilo eNingizimu Melika kanye ukunqwabelana okwalandela umlotha emkhathini. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa kwakubanda futhi eYurophu. Lena akuyona ukuthola iphutha, uBoris, kodwa abalimi kwahluka ezeni futhi indlala kwaholela anda kungevani kahle kutenhlalo.

I kulendawo, ngubani babengakwazi ukusondla unamathisele kubo serfs, eyakhululwa kubo. Lokho kwaba into kodwa yokweba emigwaqweni, ngandlela-thile okokuzisekela zokuziphilisa. Abanye abanikazi bamazwe wafihla okusanhlamvu kwabo usinde ezikhathini elinezinkathazo. Uma le yaziwa abalimi waqala ezimpini. abavusa Ngakho abadumile kuvukela zikakotini, lapho isixuku esikhulu yebutho abampofu uthukuthele waya eMoscow. Laphuliwe, kodwa akazange engeza amandla pop. Tsar Boris Godunov ngaphambilini uphenyo izimbangela sigameko. Wazama ukusiza belamba. E-Moscow, wavula izinqolobane kanye nesinkwa. Nokho, ukupha kwaholela yokuthi inhlokodolobha ephethwe tramps ezweni lonke. imigqomo akhishwe ngokushesha.

Ukubukeka kwamakhasi pretender

Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, nobuntu Boris Godunov e emehlweni abantu ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe sasesisiliswa elinegciwane. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, entshonalanga ishanelwe amahemuhemu ukuthi indodana Ivan Groznogo Dmitry uyaphila futhi ezithunyelwe kakade eMoscow sokuxosha Godunov futhi abuyisele lwamakhosi esisemthethweni. Lokhu kwenzakala nomkhohlisi UGrigory Otrepyev. Kwaba indela runaway owathuthela Poland. Ngosizo izikhulu zendawo, wazala le usongo - uzishaye Dmitry efile ukugumbuqela umbuso eRussia. Wakwazi ukuhlangabezana amaPolish King Sigismund. Wohlanga olukhulu Yury Mnishek wamnika imali namabutho. Futhi ukuze Otrepiev lokuqala bajoyine Cossacks ka Zaporozhye Sech.

amabutho amaqembu

Life Borisa Godunova ngesikhathi kwakunzima. Ezweni lakubo, zineminyaka kuvukela. abalimi Hungry futhi uthukuthele ngokujabula bamasha ngaphansi banner Dmitry Amanga.

Nokho, umkhohlisi ayikwazanga ahlele umkhankaso wakhe ngempumelelo. amabutho Russian wawela umngcele ngo-Okthoba, lapho kwaqala imvula ebandayo. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ukubambezeleka futhi ukubambezeleka ePoland. Enye ukwehluleka Tactical Dmitry Amanga kwaba ukwenqaba ayehlasela YaseCrimea Khan eMoscow. EPoland Kwethenjwa ukuthi Tsar Russian ngabe phakathi imililo emibili, ngenxa yalokho kuyoba nzima ukuhlela ukuzivikela. Nokho, Kazi Giray akazange olokotha aye impi eMoscow. Omunye ethile kwaba ukuntuleka squad Falsdmitry wezikhali.

Kodwa kwakukhona amaphutha enziwa, futhi Boris Godunov. I nhlekelele ukuthi asabela ngayo izindaba kwakungeyona ngempela abanye nomkhohlisi. Yena, Okwamanje, akubanga njengokukhuluma okuyize, futhi ukuhlela umkhankaso osebenzayo, okuyinto yaba isikhungo Öster Castle.

ukunqotshwa Falsdmitry

pretender ibutho wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili. Esikhathini lokuqala okwakukhona kulo Cossacks, okwathi ngokukhululekile wahamba imigwaqo. Ibutho yesibili, atjengisa ngazo bona gade Lzhedmitry, wadabula ehlathini. Eyokuqala wawa Morawski Chernigov futhi ngaphandle kokulwa. Kodwa Novgorod-Seversky engafuni ukuphonsa ithawula, futhi uJehova wendawo uPetru Basmanov ihlelwe ukuzivikela, ukusekelwa wathola basemadolobhaneni angomakhelwane. Endaweni efanayo impi yokuqala yempi, okuyinto wathandwa nomkhohlisi. Boris Godunov sethuka yilezi zindaba. Wayesethuma kuye entshonalanga Governor Fedora Mstislavskogo.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi kule "isikhulu" izandla eKursk, ngaphandle Rylsk futhi Sevsk. Mstislavsky wamhlangabeza eduze nedolobhana Dobrynichi Januwari 21, 1605. amasosha bobukhosi ayizinkulungwane 20 ehlaselwa abasekeli 23.000 we Dmitry Amanga. Impumelelo owawuqondene eMoscow Ratiu. Pretender wabalekela Putivl. Kwakubonakala ukuba ekunqobeni kokugcina.

ukufa

Kodwa kungazelelwe, kukhona ukufa Boris Godunov. Apreli 13 yinkosi eneminyaka engu-53 ubudala wazizwa isiyezi sokudla nangemva kwaso futhi ngokushesha yafa. Muva nje, ngabhekana ngenxa imithwalo emikhulu. Kodwa namanje kungaziwa ngempela ukuthi kwaba isizathu salokhu Ukuhamba kusuka ekuphileni. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lesi Godunov anobuthi yena noma ukuphelelwa ithemba, noma nothile inkantolo batshala kuye ushevu.

Ukuze uthole ukuthi manje akunakwenzeka okwamanje ngenxa yokuthi izinsalela yenkosi abangu zingcwatshwe izikhathi eziningana. Iqiniso ukuthi ngemva kokufa kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi indodana yakhe uTheodore. Kepha liketulwa futhi wabulala Falsdmitry (njengawo unina). Kulesi wokubusa Godunov lwamakhosi iphelile. Nezinkinga waqala, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho iziphathimandla ufune ukuba namaqembu amaningana ngisho nabasePoland. Kodwa ekugcineni eba yinkosi Mikhail Romanov - indodana Fedora Nikiticha, okuyinto Isigodlo wathumela Boris Godunov. Umlando ekugcineni yahlulelwe nabaphikisi.