Umlando yencwadi, izinyathelo kuqala ukuphrinta

Omunye kokusungulwa kwemishini emisha ebalulekile iningi lesintu, ukuvumela ukuba ugcine futhi ukwandisa ukuhlakanipha kwakhe, babephethe incwadi. Yaba incwadi umqhele eyinhloko lokubhala, maphakathi kanye uphawu yolwazi. Kodwa zaphatheka kanjani le ncwadi? Uyini umlando izincwadi? Kuye Zishintshe kangakanani izindlu ngokuhamba yeminyaka edlule?

umthombo oyinhloko

Umlando ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa sokuloba kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa umlando ukubukeka izincwadi. Ekuqaleni, imilando temlomo na idwala imidwebo babe indlela yabo eyinhloko yokudlulisela. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izizwe ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba beqale reinvent uhlelo yayo izimpawu ukuqoka amagama. Kusukela leli phuzu kukhona ngomlando wokutlola.

Uma abantu ukuthola lokubhala, basukumela phezulu zisebenzisa ukubhala noma iyiphi impahla improvised. Ngokuhamba kwakungamadodana itshe nensimbi, amagxolo, izibhebhe zobumba nokuningi. Igxathu elikhulu phambili kwaba kokusungulwa-papyrus kwabaseGibhithe. Ngaphambi kokufika isikhumba iphepha futhi le nto ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ukuqopha.

sibonelo yencwadi

Ngokuvamile, ethe njo imiqulu zebungu lingachazwa ngokuthi uhlobo izincwadi. Umuzi laseFenike Byblos, okuyinto papyrus ukuthekelisa centre izigxobo Hellenic, awunika igama lesiGreki yencwadi - Byblos. Kuyinto kusukela leli gama livela kithi zonke umqondo ajwayelekile umtapo.

EGreece kamuva eRoma, umtapo buye baba ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila nempucuko. umbhali Ready kuqoshwe futhi benyathelisa izincwadi eziningi ezihlukahlukene izihloko. Ngalezo zinsuku incwadi olufana imiqulu nilimaza induku ekhethekile, elase uqweqwe kuphelile.

Umlando sendalo incwadi yokuqala yale format alwaziwa ngokuqinisekile. Kodwa siyazi ukubaluleka izincwadi ezinjalo zezwe lasendulo.

ifomu elisha

Cishe ngo-I ekhulwini BC avele wesandla wokuqala, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ngaleso sikhatsi bafundza bacala ukuthandwa mkhulu. Lokhu kubangelwe lula futhi liyasiza. Phela, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa kwelikhono lekubhala nhlangothi zombili ishidi. Lo mbhalo, nge lingakanani encane, kodwa ngakhula kahle kakhulu.

Kuyinto ukuqashelwa nodumo emhlabeni yobuKristu, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni azosebenzisa yesikhumba, okuyinto displaces papyrus.

Umlando yezincwadi eYurophu Ephakathi, kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa abefundisi, njengoba izindlu we kabanzi kunazo ufunde futhi ingxenye enkulu ukwakha incwadi.

China yasungulwa iphepha, okuyinto kamuva sisabalale India e -Arabhiya, futhi lapho saya eYurophu. Ngakho kancane kancane incwadi ngokuphelele ukushintsha isithombe sakho, kusukela wafana ifomethi ajwayelekile.

Incwadi lasendulo

Ekuqaleni eRussia ebhaliwe ku birch namagxolo, kodwa lapha ihambisane nesikhathi kanye nezinye izinhlobo abezindaba, kuhlanganise isikhumba iphepha. History of the ncwadi iRussia yayinabantu izigaba eziningana abalulekile. Ukubukeka birch-amagxolo, okungase kubhekwe esigabeni sokuqala, kulekelelwa ekhulwini IX, okungenani isenzakalo esibalulekile - ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Cyrillic zamagama. Ukulandela le ncwadi okokuqala wesandla livela ekhulwini XI.

Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, incwadi yokuqala eRussia ungase zilotshwé esikhathini esidlule, mhlawumbe ngisho X leminyaka.

kwemvelo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, belingana ngesandla kwenzeka futhi uhlobo oluhlukile amabhuku - ezinyathelisiwe. Umlando encwadini ethi ephrintiwe iqala China lasendulo. Lapho, le mikhondo yokuqala Indwangu wadala kusukela ekhulwini VI (ngokuvumelana kweminye imithombo - kusukela ekhulwini IX), nakuba ukunyatheliswa owodwa ucezu eladabuka China ekhulwini III. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Egypt ke Analogue uvele ekhulwini V.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ucezu-ukuyiprinta kwasakazekela kubantu emazweni Arab aseMpumalanga, futhi ngekhulu XIV, beza e-Europe. Ngakho, qala ukushicilela mikhondo zenkolo, umlando sengithi nezinqumo inkosi, ngisho amakhadi ukudlala.

Ngo 1445 (inkathi okungenzeka umbhalo waqedwa) Gutenberg kudala ukuphrinta, okwenza intuthuko ngokushesha eziningi izindawo, ezisukela ifonti design ziphethe ukusungulwa yayo yokunyathelisa.

incwadi German ukuphrinta yaqala ukusakaza kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Zonke izincwadi, wadala ngaphambi kokuphela 1500, wathola igama "incunabula", okuyinto elihunyushwe kusho "imbeleko". Ekuqaleni, izincwadi ezinyathelisiwe ahlale eziningi izimpawu ngesandla, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abaningi kude nawo.

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka elandelayo imishini typographic kakhulu ngcono, futhi le ncwadi bayanda ekubeni efana edition yesimanje. Iphepha luyatholakala ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, ukudalwa ukucindezela umusi ukuphrinta, futhi kamuva ukwethulwa uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula futhi monotype ngemishini yokunyathelisa bavunyelwe ukwandisa isivinini kanye ivolumu wokunyathelisa, okwenza incwadi okungabizi kakhulu.

Kanye buthakathaka emalungelo ekucwaninga isandiso izinkomba zemisebenzi ngokubhala, incwadi baba litholakale emphakathini futhi umthombo emangalisayo ebalulekile ulwazi futhi umngane wangempela lendoda wanamuhla.

Esikhathini sethu, encwadini ethi ephrintiwe esaqhubeka isikhundla salo, nakuba ukuvela e-izincwadi okubhekiselwa esinyathelweni esilandelayo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo yayo. Umlando balencwadi a stub.