Bulgakov sika ukufa buso, imbangela yokufa kwakhe

Mihail Afanasevich Bulgakov wayengomunye walaba kabanzi kunazo ufunde, baxoxe futhi Uyakhumbula ekhulwini XX. Umsebenzi wakhe, ukuphila siqu ngisho nokufa kwahambisana izimfihlakalo ezinganekwaneni noveli "Umninimuzi UMargarita" wabhala igama kumdlali e ngamagama egolide emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke izincwadi Russian futhi izwe. Kodwa imfihlakalo njalo wasibekela umuntu wakhe, futhi lo mbuzo: "Kungani Bulgakov Ngente imaskhi ukufa?" Futhi awuzange kudalulwe ngokuphelele.

Indlela kanzima

Manje igama izindebe Bulgakov, kodwa kwaba khona isikhathi, lapho imisebenzi yakhe asishicilelwa, futhi kwaba ngaphansi kokubhekwa ngeso lokhozi yi iziphathimandla futhi abalandeli beqembu bebangalasa. Lokhu kutshengisa ecasulayo futhi kuyakhungathekisa ngoba umlobi, phela kwadingeka ukuba sihlale siqaphile ukuze singathwesi zisenza sibe lutho inkulumo kanye nezicelo. ukuphila Bulgakov sika akukaze kube lula - futhi ngesikhathi operation udokotela noma njengoba umlobi lokudlalwayo, noma njengoba umlobi nesazi. Kodwa isinyathelo sokugcina - imaski Bulgakov sika posthumous - kusikisela ukuthi umphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke amandla, baziswa ithalente lakhe.

ukuphila Siqu

Bulgakov wazalwa Meyi 3, 1891 emkhayeni omkhulu. Wayengumuntu ingane endala, ngaphezu ke, lo mkhaya abafowethu ababili nodadewethu abane. Lapho eneminyaka eyisikhombisa, uyise wehla nephrosclerosis futhi wafa.

imfundo yesibili etholwe engcono Michael Kiev sokuzivocavoca, kodwa ikakhulukazi kwaba abakhuthele. Lokhu akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa insizwa langena Faculty of Imperial University. Ngaso sona isikhatheso kwazwakala empini ye 1914-1918., Futhi imfundo okwenzeka emkhakheni lempi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wahlangana umkakhe esizayo, Tatyanoy Lappoy, intombazane eneminyaka engu-nanhlanu lesithembiso. Azizange silahle konke ekamelweni, futhi lapho Bulgakov kwaba Sophomore, sashada.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala

Lo mcimbi mlando wenze akukho Uqhekeko empilweni elinganisiwe alo mbhangqwana omusha. Benza konke ndawonye. Tatiana waya nomyeni wakhe izibhedlela front-line, wahlela izinto ukuhlunga kanye azosiza abayizisulu, wahlanganyela ngenkuthalo umsebenzi abe umhlengikazi nomsizi. Bulgakov wathola ngezinga yezokwelapha, nokuba ngaphambili. Ngo-March 1916, umlobi esizayo likhishwa kuya ezingemuva, futhi wayakha e sifundazwe Smolensk, uphathe nezikhungo zezokwelapha. Lapho, ekuqaleni emsebenzini wakhe wokwelapha olusemthethweni. On ke ungafunda izindaba "Amanothi we udokotela osemncane" futhi "Morphine".

Ukuba umlutha wezithombe

Ehlobo lika-1917, okwenza ingane tracheotomy egula idiphtheria, Mr Mikhail owacabanga ukuthi ukubamba, futhi njengoba izinyathelo zokunqanda morphine ebekiwe ngokwayo ukuze akhulule ukulunywa futhi ubuhlungu. Ukwazi ukuthi izidakamizwa zikwenza, waqhubeka edla futhi ekugcineni yaphenduka unomphela "nesineke" yakho. Umkakhe Tatiana Lappa bengayikuyibekezelela eziyimbangela yalokhu futhi, kanye I. P. Voskresenskim ayikwazanga ukuqeda umbhali wale umkhuba. Kodwa kusukela umsebenzi wezokwelapha wayephezu njengoba morphinism kubhekwe isifo esingalapheki. Kamuva, kokuba unqobe lo mkhuba, wakwazi ukuqala abazimele. Lokhu kwaba endleleni, eKiev nedlelo layo kwakukhona ukulwa, amandla kushintsha njalo, kanye nesidingo ukunakekelwa abaqeqeshiwe kwezempilo. Lesi sikhathi kubonakala "iWhite Guard" inoveli. Kubonakala nje izinhlamvu yokuzicabangela, kodwa futhi amalungu omkhaya wakhe: dadewethu, mfowethu umukhwe.

North-Caucasus

Ebusika 1919 Bulgakov futhi luphumelele kwezempi nendlela alulame eVladikavkaz. Elapho sokuxazulula, okubangela umkakhe incwadi yocingo, futhi uyaqhubeka ngayo. Angenele ezempi, kuyasiza kakhulu abantu balapha, ubhala izindaba. Ngokuyinhloko lichaza 'adventure "yakhe, uhlala kulungiselelwa engavamile. Ngo-1920, kanye imithi kwaba phezu phakade. Futhi kwakukhona mlando entsha zokuphila - journalism kanye okuthiwa izinhlobo ezincane (izindaba, amanoveli), okuyinto yashicilelwa emaphephandabeni endawo laseNyakatho eCaucasus. Bulgakov wafuna udumo, kodwa umkakhe akuyona ukusika nemigomo yakhe. Base beqala ukuba ikhefu mutual. Kodwa lapho umlobi agule ne-typhus, unkosikazi wamncelisa imini nobusuku, ehleli eceleni kombhede. Ngemva yokutakula yakhe, kwakufanele bonyana ukujwayela oda entsha, njengoba eVladikavkaz athatha izintambo Soviet.

nkathi enzima

I eko kwekhulu elidlule babe umndeni Bulgakovs nzima. Kudingeke ukuba baziphilise yakhe emsebenzini eziphikelelayo nsuku zonke. Lena umbhali uyakhathaza kakhulu, akamnikelanga uphefumule lula. Ngalesi sikhathi waqala ukubhala izincwadi "commercial", ikakhulukazi odlala ukuthi yena wasithanda futhi kubhekwe engingafanele ukuthiwa art. Kamuva, wakhipha umyalo wokuba bonke ukuba ashise.

amandla Soviet umbuso ngokuya zokucindezela, zazibhekwa hhayi kuphela umkhiqizo kodwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi imishwana disjointed ukuthi eqoqwe ababeshisekela. Ngokwemvelo, ezimweni ezinjalo, kuba nzima ngaye ukuba aphile, futhi lo mbhangqwana wahamba kuqala Batum, bese eMoscow.

ukuphila eMoscow

Image Bulgakov eziningi ezihlobene izinhlamvu sakhe imisebenzi efanayo naleyo kamuva wazibonakalisa ukuphila ngokwako. Njengoba ezothatha isikhundla amafulethi eziningana, lo mbhangqwana ekhaya ngesikhathi ul. Bolshaya Sadovaya 10, inombolo 50 efulethini, immortalized le noveli yodumo ngumlobi "The Master noMargarita." Kusukela kwaqala umsebenzi futhi izinkinga ezitolo imikhiqizo esikhishwe amakhadi, bese lezi izingcezu esiyigugu iphepha ukuba kwakunzima kakhulu.

Februwari 1, 1922 uyafa unina Bulgakov. Lo mcimbi iba buhlungu kakhulu kuye, ikakhulukazi nokuthuka ngoba umlobi ukuthi ngisho ukuya emngcwabeni, akanalo ithuba. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, kukhona azihlukanisa unomphela ne Lappi. Ngesikhathi isehlukaniso yabo Bulgakov bekulokhu romance ngesivunguvungu nge Love Belozerskaya, ngubani waba ngumkakhe wesibili. Wayengumngane umdansi, avela phezulu umphakathi wesifazane. Bulgakov okunjalo ngiphuphe unkosikazi lalobhalako, kodwa umshado yaba ngeyesikhashana.

Perechistenskoe isikhathi

Kufika isikhathi eziqhakaza umsebenzi Bulgakov njengendlela umlobi wemidlalo. kudlala bakhe emkhunjini okuhleliwe, izethameli ihlangabezana kubo kahle, ukuphila iba ngcono. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbhali uthatha isithakazelo NKVD nokuzama bokusola kuye ukwedelela uhulumeni wamanje, noma okubi nakakhulu. Njengoba we Cornucopia wathela ukuvinjelwa: ukusebenza, ukubhala abezindaba, zokukhuluma obala. Khona waphinde wafika ukuntula imali. Ngo-1926, umlobi ngisho ngokuthi ngemibuzo. Apreli 18 Ngawo lowo nyaka, lo odumile ucingo ingxoxo Stalin, okuyinto futhi washintsha ukuphila Bulgakov zibe ngcono. Kwathatha umqondisi eMoscow Art Theatre.

ENuremberg-Shilovskaya-Bulgakov

Kwakulapho, ngesikhathi eMoscow Art Theatre, umbhali wahlangana nenkosikazi yakhe yesithathu, Elena Sergeevna. Ekuqaleni base abangane nje, kodwa ke ngabona ukuthi ngeke ukwazi ukuphila ngaphandle nomunye, futhi banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo i ahlupha ubani. eside kakhulu futhi singathandeki kwaba Shilovskaya ikhefu nomyeni wakhe wokuqala. Wayenezingane ezimbili ayehlukaniswe phakathi owakwakhe ngokushesha ngemva Belozerskaya Bulgakov wanikeza isehlukaniso, abathandi oshadile. Lona wesifazane kwaba wangempela wokusekela futhi ukusekela kwakhe eminyakeni enzima kunazo zonke ekuphileni kwakhe. Nakuba abasebenza le noveli yodumo kakhulu esikhathini lesi sifo.

"Umninimuzi UMargarita" futhi iminyaka zokugcina

Umsebenzi phezu noveli emaphakathi ethumba ngokugcwele umbhali, Wamupha eziningi ukunakwa umzamo. Ngo-1928, kuphela umqondo yencwadi wabonakala ngo-1930, wadedelwa okusalungiswa esingakaze ayedlule nenguquko ephawulekayo ezidingekile ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi bakubona ukukhanya kombhalo ukuthi sonke ukukhumbula, mhlawumbe inhliziyo. Amanye amakhasi akopishwa kaningi, futhi neminyaka yokugcina yokuphila Bulgakov babe ukuhlela matasa imvuthuluka ukulungele futhi nadiktovyvaniem "uyoqeda 'version Elena Sergeevna.

Kodwa umsebenzi dramaturgical akuyona kokungenzi lutho eminyakeni yakhe wokugcina Bulgakov. Ufaka play esekelwe imisebenzi abalobi ozithandayo - Gogol futhi Pushkin, ebhala, "etafuleni". Alexander kwaba imbongi kuphela owathanda umbhali. Futhi ungomunye walabo izibalo kuyiphi isuswe imaskhi ukufa. Bulgakov wavakashela umqondo imisebenzi ezigcawugcawu mayelana Stalin, kodwa kusho uNobhala Jikelele avinjwe lemizamo.

On the esengozini ukufa

Septhemba 10, 1939 umbhali ngokungazelelwe silahlekelwa umbono. Bulgakov (imbangela yokufa kayise - nephrosclerosis) uthi wonke izimpawu yalesi sifo futhi ufika esiphethweni ukuthi wayenelungelo isifo esifanayo. Ngenxa yemizamo somkakhe ukwelashwa kulesi sibhedlela sclerosis izimpawu amanzi anciphe. Lize ikuvumela ukuba ubuyele emsebenzini abalahliwe, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside.

Idethi yokushona Bulgakov - Mashi 10, 1940, ube ngamashumi amabini anamahlanu ntambama. Yena waya kwelinye izwe, stoically ekhuthazelela zonke ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Ukushiya amagugu ecebile kwezobuciko. Imfihlakalo kokufa UMikhail Bulgakov wayengenamahloni imfihlo nhlobo: yezinkinga nephrosclerosis wambulala uthanda nje uyise. Wayazi igcina kanjani. Yiqiniso, akekho owayengenza ukusho ngokuthe ngqó lapho kuzokwenzeka umcimbi ngeshwa lapho Bulgakov afe. Okwamanje imbangela yokufa yayisobala, kodwa kungakanani uyakwazi ukubambelela ukuphila - akukho.

Inkonzo yesikhumbuzo kanye nokwenza amalungiselelo omngcwabo senzeka ngikweluleke kakhulu. Ngu yesiko, elinendawo umbhali ubhekene nokufa imaski sisusiwe. Bulgakov kwanqunywa ukuba sebefile, ngokuvumelana nentando yakhe. Ngenkonzo yesikhumbuzo weza comrades Bulgakov abalobi, osebenza nabo kusuka eMoscow Art Theatre, amalungu we-Union of Abalobi. Ngashayela ngisho nonobhala Stalin, bese kuthi Epitaph esikhulu yanyatheliswa ngo "iphephandaba Literary". Ubizwa wangcwatshwa Novodevichy emathuneni, eduze kwamathuna laseChekhov.

Uma obakhathalelayo umbuzo: "Uphi imaskhi kokufa Bulgakov," khona-ke impendulo ilula: ke useluleme kuya ukhonkolo efanayo posthumous Museum. Khona-ke, njengomuntu ebaziwe kuphela ezimweni ezehlukile ukuthi ukhuluma kwenhlonipho ngokumhlonipha Bulgakov njengendlela umlobi onekhono, naphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga zokuphila kwakhe. Intando umbhali akuyona, futhi wayengeke abe amaphuzu, okuyinto angena buso ukufa. Bulgakov babengazange bahlanganyele foppery lutho, ikakhulukazi lolu hlobo. Capture ngaleso sikhathi isinqumo nozakwabo.