Caryatid - i-elementi lathumela, okuyinto ethandwa nganoma iyiphi isitayela

Caryatid - yigama amakholomu yezakhiwo, okwakuthatha ngesimo sibalo zesifazane. Isibonelo sasendulo esaziwa kakhulu ingatholakala kuvulandi eningizimu ethempelini Erechtheion ku -Acropolis engasenyakatho e-Athens.

ezinganekwaneni zasendulo

Esikhathini yamaGreki namasiko "caryatid" - kwentombi emsulwa Caria, abadumile yePeloponnese ethempelini. Brown sanikezelwa kukankulunkulukazi u-Arthemisi. Njengoba Caryatids, yena bathokoza, dancing phakathi ziyadliwa izihlahla emzini Caria. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Virgin i umdanso yokungenwa ayethwalwa yabo obhasikidi asanda cut imihlanga. Bona kuchazwa izitshalo ukudansa.

Uhlelo Lokufaka Lwe-Roman Vitruvius kulindeleke ukuba caryatid - yisigqila. Vitruvius wabona ukuthi asetshenziswe kanjani njengoba lamakholomu ionic izakhiwo. Kodwa caryatid - ke savela ikholomu WasePheresiya. Nokho, amaPheresiya, zazisetshenziselwa ukusekela izakhiwo isilwane.

Erechtheion

I caryatids edume kunazo eziyisithupha asekelayo ophahleni kompheme eningizimu Erechtheion yamanga le-Athene-Acropolis engasenyakatho. Lesi sakhiwo lakhiwa Pericles mhlawumbe ephakathi kwengu-421-406 BC. e. yokuhlala lasendulo ebaziwe zenkolo lokhuni Athens. Wake wasebenza njengoMbhishobhi isikhungo sokukhulekela ka Erechtheus (yinkosi wasenganekwaneni Athens) nabafowabo, kuhlanganise Poseidon. Lezi caryatids izingubo kuyinto uhlobo elina lunamathele emizimbeni. Izinhlinzeko imilenze namathanga kukhona ngokugqamile futhi iyaguquka. Ezintathu kuzo elincike umzimba ku unyawo lwesokudla, kanye nezinye - ngakwesokunxele. Zezinwele nayo ibalulekile. Ziyakwazi esindayo futhi bulky, eklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa indawo okungavikelekile kakhulu - intamo izingcezu, okuyinto lehla umthwalo omkhulu. Hands izithombe eziqoshiwe, ngeshwa, nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada. Ngu lokusinda amakhophi Roman kuyabonakala ukuthi ngakwesokunene ibibambe izitsha ezincane amadlozi utshwala, futhi kwesokunxele asekelwe futhi kancane ukukhulisa izingubo zabo. Kusolwa ukuthi zinqunywa Okugweda ezahlukene workshop Alcamo, umfundi ka Phidias. Ngokuthakazelisayo, lokhu kompheme imele phezu ethuneni we wasenganekwaneni yinkosi Cecrops. Ukwakhiwa kwehlelo caryatids, kungenzeka ukuthi intela inkumbulo yakhe. Manje izinyathelo amakhophi abo. caryatids Five wokuqala e-Acropolis engasenyakatho Museum, lapho ingabonwa bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, eyesithupha - eBritish Museum eLondon. Kufinyeta uhambo ngokusebenzisa umlando, singasho ukuthi caryatid - a element zokuhlobisa e izakhiwo amakholomu, okungase futhi abe umsebenzi esindayo.

Renaissance nangale

Ngalesi sikhathi baqala ukusebenzisa Interiors ekwakhiweni fireplaces. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Baroque zivela eScotland njengoba overmantel ehholo elikhulu enqabeni eMitchells. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-caryatids German Baroque elise enqabeni Sanssouci UFrederick Omkhulu kuleli Schloss. Statue begqoke abesifazane futhi zaqala ukusetshenziswa njengoba imilenze amathebula, emashalofini futhi izinti.

Empire isitayela wamnaka element zokuhlobisa. umcabango umculi yaqhubeka ukuze kungene Umqondo womuntu oyedwa wesifazane omuhle oba sesinesethi esibhakabhakeni.

Ngo-1881, Ogyust Roden itshe sculpted bawa ngaphansi caryatids isisindo sibalo. He yodwa wabona yini umthwalo osindayo isikhathi intombazane, okuyinto basazama uvuke.

Owesilisa uzakwabo caryatids

Anakho amagama amabili: Telamon futhi Atlanta. Igama lokuqala, igama eliqondile, okusho "ukwesekwa" noma "ukwesekwa". It wayeyindodana wasenganekwaneni Aeacus kanye Aeneid. Wayeyinkosi eSalami. Lokhu umsubathi ubehlezi Izigwedlo lapho Argonauts balandela uboya, wakhama nengxenye Calydonian abazingela izingulube zasendle, abangu ukuhlukumeza komakhelwane, okuyinto unqobile Theseus.

Atlant efanayo - kungcono Titan anamandla, lowo ophethe emahlombe akhe kwengungu yamazulu. Ingabe nokwenzeka uma umthwalo onjalo kuye? Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakubaluleke kangakanani esindayo, isibindi futhi kudinga ukubekezela ukuze makaqhubeke wakhe. Ngo zamaGreki, ke aphenduka itshe noma idwala.

ebaziwe abhanqiwe

Atlanta futhi caryatids kuhlobisa mbumbulu zezakhiwo, ukwesekwa balcony, bagcwalisa umsebenzi ngenxa yobuhle. ezinhle Ikakhulukazi kukhona Atlanteans asekelayo kuvulandi we okusha Hermitage Petersburg. Ekuqaleni, ngokuvumelana umakhi L. Klenze, kwakufanele bonyana enze ukugcina caryatids. Kodwa le phrojekthi sinqatshiwe, futhi iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kamuva, ngo-1848, AI Terebenev wadala eziyishumi izithombe ze-Atlantis egwadle amnyama misela emayini eLake Ladoga. Bathi ume esisekelweni eyenziwe Karelian indawo-grained egwadle. Umsebenzi ukubaza kwaba iminyaka emibili. UMbazi ukucutshungulwa eyinhloko itshe kuthatha cishe ziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu nabakhi. Le ncwadi yomlando wakhe, kuye kwabangela ngokumthanda jikelele. Atlanta futhi caryatids kukhona isici isitayela classic. umehluko Common ukuthi Atlanteans ukusekela izandla entablature futhi caryatids ethwele ekhanda. Cacisa welithi "entablature".

Architecture: Tincenye izakhiwo

Igama French "entablature" kusho ophahleni eyenziwe imishayo. Siqukethe architrave, frieze futhi cornice. Ngo izakhiwo, architrave inezincazelo ezimbili:

• a oluvundlile, okuyinto ibekwe phakathi amakholomu kuvuleka noma amafasitela, kuba phezulu;
• Ugongolo efanayo, okuyinto wabeka phezu izihloko amakholomu, ehlotshiswe oda ahlukahlukene, okungukuthi izibalo lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli.

ukusetshenziswa Wanamuhla caryatids

AmaGreki babephefumulelwe ukudala caryatids amantombazane kusuka Kariya. Egqoke izingubo, izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu babo waqhubeka isakhiwo. Lolusiko uyaqhubeka. Kodwa ngokuvamile ukuma ezingeni izakhiwo leminyaka, esikhundleni zemabula noma itshe esetshenziswa steklokompozit ukhonkolo. Ngaphakathi endlini zisebenzisa ukhuni noma kakhonkolo.

Ngalolu suku, kanye Atlanteans futhi caryatids ezifunwayo izakhiwo zesimanje. Eclecticism, Art Nouveau, Neo-Renaissance - abayikho kungenzeka yonke indawo. Ububanzi nesitayela sabo Unganqikazi. Umqondo umculi, osebenzisa kubo, akuyona avaliwe, futhi ubadonsela kuye oluvela isiko ababhekene yeminyaka.