Catherine II: biography of the Empress. Umlando weRussia

Ubuntu obungenangqondo kwakunguCatherine II Omkhulu - umbusi waseRashiya ongumthombo waseJalimane. Ezingxenyeni eziningi namabhayisikobho uboniswa njengomthandi webhola lezinkantolo nezindlu zangasese zokunethezeka, kanye nezintandokazi eziningi, owake waba nobuhlobo obuseduze naye.

Ngeshwa, bambalwa abazi ukuthi ungumhleli ohlakaniphile, oqhakazile futhi onamakhono. Futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso elingenakuphikwa, njengoba izinguquko zezombangazwe ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe zazihlobene nokugqunywa kwe-absolutism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko eziningi ezithinta impilo yomphakathi kanye nesimo sezwe kukhona ubufakazi bokubaluleka okungavamile kobuntu bakhe.

Umsuka

UCatherine II, owayemangalisa futhi engavamile, wazalwa ngoMeyi 2 (ngo-Ephreli 21) ngo-1729 eStettin waseJalimane. Igama lakhe eligcwele nguSofia Augusta Frederica, i-Princess Anhalt-Zerbstskaya. Abazali bakhe kwakungu-Prince Christian-August Anhalt-Zerbstsky futhi balingana naye ngesihloko sikaJohanna-Elizabeth Holstein-Gottorp, owayehlala endlini enobukhosi njengesiNgisi, isiSwidi nesiPrussia.

Umqashi waseRussia ozayo wasifundiswa ekhaya. Wafundiswa isayensi, umculo, ukudansa, izisekelo ze geography nomlando, futhi, ngaphandle kwesiJalimane sakhe sasekhaya, wayazi kahle isiFulentshi. Usesencane esemncane wabonisa ukuziphatha kwakhe okuzimele, ukubekezela kanye nesifiso, wakhetha imidlalo ehlala futhi ehambayo.

Umshado

Ngo-1744, uMnumzane u-Elizaveta Petrovna wamema u-Anhalt-Zerbstskaya kanye nenina ukuba eze eRussia. Lapha intombazane yachithwa ngokwezifiso zama-Orthodox futhi yaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi uCatherine Alekseevna. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wathola isimo somlobokazi osemthethweni uPrank Peter Fedorovich, uMbusi ozayo uPeter 3.

Ngakho, umlando othakazelisayo kaCatherine 2 eRussia waqala ngomshado wabo, okwenzeka ngo-Agasti 21, 1745. Ngemuva kwalesi senzakalo, wathola isihloko se-Grand Duchess. Njengoba wazi, umshado wakhe wawungenabuhlungu kusukela ekuqaleni. Umyeni wakhe uPeter wayekhona ngalesosikhathi insizwa encane eyayidlala namasosha esikhundleni sokuchitha isikhathi sayo enkambeni yomkakhe. Ngakho-ke, uMmpress wesikhathi esizayo waphoqeleka ukuba azijabulise yena: wafunda isikhathi eside, futhi waqamba amalungiselelo ahlukahlukene.

Izingane zikaCatherine 2

Ngenkathi umkaPeter Omkhulu ebonakala njengendoda ehloniphekile, indlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi ayizange ifihle, ngakho wayazi cishe yonke igceke lokuthandana kwakhe.

Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, uCatherine II, owaziwayo, owaziwayo, naye wayegcwele izindaba zothando, waqala inveli yakhe yokuqala ohlangothini. Okhethiweyo wakhe wayengumphathi weGoldards S. V. Saltykov. Ngo-September 20, eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye ngemuva kokushada kwakhe, wazala indlalifa. Lo mcimbi wawuyizingxoxo zenkantolo, okwamanje, okuqhubekayo kuze kube yilolu suku, kodwa kakade esikoleni. Abanye abacwaningi bayaqiniseka ukuthi uyise womfana wayengumuntu othanda uCatherine, hhayi umyeni wakhe uPeter. Abanye bathi uzalwa nendoda. Kodwa noma kunjalo, unina wayenaso isikhathi sokuhlanganyela kwengane, ngakho u-Elizaveta Petrovna ngokwakhe uthatha imfundo. Ngokushesha umbusi wesikhathi esizayo wakhulelwa futhi wazala intombazane okuthiwa u-Anna. Ngeshwa, le ngane yahlala izinyanga ezine kuphela.

Ngemuva kuka-1750, uCatherine wayeboshelwe ukuthandana noSp. Poniatowski, umbhali wasePoland kamuva owaba iNkosi uStanlaw August. Ekuqaleni kuka-1760 wayesevele noGG Orlov, owavela kuye ingane yesithathu, indodana ka-Alexei. Umfana wanikezwa igama elithi Bobrinsky.

Kumele ngithi lokhu ngenxa yamahemuhemu amaningi kanye nokuhleba, kanye nokuziphatha komuntu oshade naye, izingane zikaCatherine II azizange ziveze noma yikuphi ukufudumala kukaPetru 3. Le ndoda yayingacabangi ukuthi wayenobuntu obuphilayo.

Akudingeki ukuthi, umklomelo wesikhathi esizayo wenqaba zonke izinkokhelo ezithunyelwe umyeni wakhe ngokumelene naye. Ukufihla ekuhlaselweni kukaPeter 3, uCatherine wachitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi eBoldoir. Ukulimala ebuhlotsheni obunzima nomyeni wakhe kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi waqala ukwesaba impilo yakhe. Wayesaba ukuthi, lapho efika emandleni, uPeter 3 wayeyomphindisela, ngakho waqala ukubheka izintandane ezinokwethenjelwa enkantolo.

Ukuvumelanisa esihlalweni sobukhosi

Ngemva kokufa kukaMama, uPeter 3 wabusa umbuso ngezinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela. Sekuyisikhathi eside bekhuluma ngaye njengombusi ongenalwazi futhi ongenalutho onobuningi obubi. Kodwa ubani owadala isithombe esinjalo kuye? Muva nje, izazi-mlando zisuke zithandwa kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi isithombe esinjalo esingabonakali sakhiwe yizimemo ezibhaliwe ngabahleli beqembu lokuzikhandla - uCatherine II no-ER Dashkova.

Iqiniso liwukuthi isimo sengqondo somyeni wakhe ngokuqondene naye kwakungesibi nje, kusobala ukuthi sinobubi. Ngakho-ke, usongo lokuthunjwa noma ngisho nokumbopha usongo lwashukumisela ukuhlehlisa uPeter III.U-Orlovs, KG Razumovsky, NI Panin, ER Dashkova nabanye bazisize ukuhlela le nhlangano. NgoJulayi 9, 1762 uPetru 3 waqothulwa, futhi umbuso omusha uCatherine II waqala ukubusa. Uhambisane nabalindi ngaphansi komyalo ka-Alexei Orlov.

Njengoba uyazi, umlando kaCatherine II futhi, ikakhulukazi ukuguqulwa kwesigodlo ahlele , ugcwele izimfihlakalo ezijabulisa izingqondo zabacwaningi abaningi kuze kube yilolu suku. Isibonelo, kuze kube manje imbangela yokufa kukaPetru 3 ayitholakali izinsuku ezingu-8 emva kokuchithwa kwakhe. Ngokombiko osemthethweni, wafa ngesifo sezifo ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa kotshwala isikhathi eside.

Kuze kwaba yamuva, bakholelwa ukuthi uPetru 3 wabulawa ngokubulawa kobudlova ezandleni zika-Alexei Orlov. Ubufakazi balokhu kwakuyincwadi ebhalwe ngumbulali futhi wathunyelwa kuCatherine evela eRopsha. Ukuqala kwalolu dokhumenti kwakungagcinwa, kepha kwakukhona ikhophi kuphela eqoshwe yiFV Rostopchin. Ngakho-ke, akekho ubufakazi obuqondile bokubulawa kombusi.

Inqubomgomo Yangaphandle

Kumele ngithi uCatherine II Omkhulu ngezindlela eziningi wabelane ngemibono kaPetru 1 ngokuthi iRussia esiteji sezwe kufanele ithathe isikhundla esiphambili kuzo zonke izinkomba, ngenkathi ihola inhlamba futhi ngisho nakwezinga elithile lomgomo wobandlululo. Lokhu kungabonakala ngokuhlukana kwesivumelwano esivumelwaneni nePrussia, saphetha ekuqaleni komyeni wakhe uPeter 3. Wathatha lesi sinyathelo esinqumayo cishe nje lapho engena esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Inqubomgomo yangaphandle kaCatherine II yayisekelwe ekutheni yonke indawo yazama ukuphakamisa amaprotheni akhe esihlalweni sobukhosi. Kungenxa yakhe ukuthi uMbusi EI Biron wabuyela esihlalweni sobukhosi saseColland, kanti ngo-1763 ePoland waqala ukubusa ukuvikela kwakhe - uStanislaw August Poniatowski. Izenzo ezinjalo zaholela eqinisweni lokuthi u-Austria waqala ukwesaba ngokweqile ithonya lombuso osenyakatho. Abameleli bayo baqala ukuvuselela isitha esivele siseRussia - iTurkey - ukuqala impi ngokumelene nayo. Futhi u-Austria usalutholile.

Singasho ukuthi impi yaseRussia-Turkish, eyadlula iminyaka engu-6 (kusukela ngo-1768 kuya ku-1774), yaphumelela eMbusweni waseRussia. Naphezu kwalokhu, isimo sezombangazwe sangaphakathi esingaphakathi kwezwe senza ukuba uCatherine 2 afune ukuthula. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakudingeka abuyisele ubuhlobo obuseduze no-Austria. Futhi ukwehlukana phakathi kwamazwe amabili kwafezwa. Isisulu sawo sasinguPoland, ingxenye yendawo lapho ngo-1772 kwahlukaniswa khona phakathi kwezizwe ezintathu: iRussia, i-Austria nePrussia.

Ukufakwa kwezizwe nemfundiso entsha yaseRashiya

Ukusayina kwezwe laseKyuchuk-Kainarji neTurkey kwaqinisekisa ukuzimela kweCrimea, okuzuzisa umbuso waseRussia. Eminyakeni eyalandela, kwaba nokwanda kwethonya lombuso hhayi kuphela kule ndawo, kodwa naseCaucasus. Umphumela wale nqubomgomo wawufakwa eRussia ngo-1782 eCrimea. Ngokushesha kwasayinwa futhi uGeorgievsky uhamba nenkosi yaseKartli-Kakheti Irakli 2, eyayihlinzekela ukuba khona kwamabutho aseRussia ensimini yaseGeorgia. Kamuva, la mazwe nawo ayexhunywe eRussia.

UCatherine II, owaziwa ngokuqondile nomlando wezwe, waqala ukwakha isikhundla esisha somhlaba wangaphandle, okuthiwa i-Greek project, kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yamashumi ayisikhombisa ekhulwini le-18, kanye nohulumeni ngaleso sikhathi. Umgomo wayo omkhulu kwakuwukubuyiselwa koMbuso wamaGreki, noma iByzantium. Inhloko-dolobha yalo kwakuzoba uConstantinople, futhi umbusi walo wayengumzukulu kaCatherine the Great, uNkosin Konstantin Pavlovich.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, inqubomgomo yangaphandle kaCatherine 2 yabuyisa leli zwe elakade libe negunya lamanye amazwe, laphinde laqiniswa ngemuva kokuba umbusi waseRussia ehlangene eThe Teschen Congress phakathi kwePrussia ne-Austria. Ngo-1787, uMpress neNkosi yasePoland ne-Austrian inkosi, ehamba nabaphathi bayo kanye nezikhulu zangezinye izizwe, bahamba uhambo olude baya enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea. Lo mcimbi omkhulu wabonisa wonke amandla empi eMbusweni waseRussia.

Inqubomgomo yasekhaya

Iningi lezinguquko kanye nezinguquko ezenziwa eRussia zaziphikisana nokaCatherine. Iminyaka yokubusa kwakhe ibonakaliswe ukugqilazwa kwabasimabhizinisi, kanye nokulahlwa ngisho namalungelo amancane kakhulu. Kwakukhona kuye ukuthi isimemezelo sikhishwe ukuvinjelwa ukufakwa kwesikhalazo mayelana nokungaboni kahle kwabanikazi bendawo. Ukwengeza, inkohlakalo yaba khona phakathi kwezikhali zikahulumeni eziphakeme kakhulu kanye nezikhulu, futhi umbusi ngokwakhe waba yisibonelo kubo, okwakunikezela izihlobo zombili kanye nebutho elikhulu lababongi balo.

Wayekuthini?

Izimfanelo zakhe zikaCatherine II zachazwa nguye emibhalweni yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwababhali-mlando, olusekelwe emibhalweni eminingi, lisikisela ukuthi wayengumqondo wezengqondo ohlakaniphile owazi kahle abantu. Ubufakazi balokhu kungaba yiqiniso lokuthi wakhetha abantu abanamakhono abanamakhono futhi abaqhakazile usizo. Ngakho-ke, inkathi yayo ibonakala ngokuvela kweqembu lonke labaphathi abahlakaniphile nabaphathi bamazwe, izimbongi nabalobi, abaculi nabaculi.

Lapho ekhuluma nabangaphansi kwakhe, uCatherine II wayevame ukukhalipha, agcinwe futhi abe nesineke. Ngokusho kwakhe, wayehlale elalelisisa umxhumanisi wakhe, ebamba yonke ingqondo enengqondo, bese eseyisebenzisa kahle. Kuye, akuzange kube khona ukuyeka emsebenzini okwenyukayo, akazange adingise noma yikuphi izikhulu futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, akazange akhiphe. Akuyona into yokuthi ukubusa kwakhe kubizwa ngokuthi "iminyaka yobudala" yezinsuku zokuhlonipha isiRussia.

UCatherine II, owaziwa ngobuntu bakhe nobuntu bakhe obugcwele ukuphikisana, ngesikhathi esifanayo engenalutho futhi ehlonishwa kakhulu nguhulumeni owanqobile. Ukuze alondoloze ezandleni zakhe, wayekulungele ukwehlisa ngisho nokulimaza izinkolelo zakhe.

Ukuphila komuntu siqu

Ama-portraits of the empress, ebhalwe ebusheni bakhe, abonisa ukuthi ubukeka sengathi mnandi. Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi le ndaba yayihlanganisa imibono eminingi enhle kaCatherine 2. Ukukhuluma iqiniso, angakwazi ukushada futhi, kodwa kulokhu isihloko sakhe, isikhundla sakhe, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukugcwala kwamandla, bekuyobe kusengozini.

Ngokombono okhona wabaningi-mlando, empilweni yakhe yonke uCatherine the Great washintsha cishe abathandi abangamashumi amabili. Ngokuvamile wayebahlinzekela ngezipho ezihlukahlukene eziyigugu, ahloniphe ngokukhululekile iziqu nezihloko, konke ukuze amthande.

Imiphumela yeBhodi

Kumelwe ngitshele ukuthi izazi-mlando azenzi ukuhlola ngokungapheli zonke izenzakalo ezenzeka ngesikhathi sikaCatherine, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi ukuxoshwa nokukhanyiselwa kuyahambisana futhi kwakungenakulinganiswa. Eminyakeni yokubusa kwakhe kwakuyizinto zonke: ukuthuthukiswa kwezemfundo, isiko kanye nesayensi, ukuqiniswa okuphawulekayo kwesimo seRashiya emhlabeni wonke, ukuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane bezohwebo nokudibanisa. Kodwa, njenganoma yimuphi umbusi, bekubekho ukucindezelwa kwabantu, abahlupheka ubunzima abaningi. Inqubomgomo enjalo yasekhaya ayikwazanga kodwa ibangele enye ingxabano ethandwayo, eyakhula yaba ukuvukela okunamandla nokugcwele okuholwa ngu-Emelian Pugachev.

Isiphetho

Ngo-1860, kwavela umbono: ukwakha isikhumbuzo kuCatherine II eSt. Petersburg ngokuhlonipha iminyaka engu-100 eyayibuyiselwe esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ukwakhiwa kwalo kwaphela iminyaka engu-11, futhi kuvulwa kwenzeka ngo-1873 e-Alexandria Square. Lesi yisikhumbuzo esidume kunazo zonke kuMpress. Phakathi neminyaka yamandla aseSoviet, izikhumbuzo zawo ezinhlanu zalahleka. Ngemuva kuka-2000, kwaqulwa izikhumbuzo eziningana eRussia nakwamanye amazwe: 2 e-Ukraine nase-1 e-Transnistria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2010, eZerbst (eJalimane), kwavela isithombe, kodwa hhayi kuMphathi Catherine II, kodwa kuSofia Frederica Augustus, Princess Anhalt-Zerbst.