Yuan Shikai: Biography, izithombe. China ngaphansi kukaMengameli Yuan Shikai

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 e-China yasungulwa lwamakhosi emisha yayitholakala, eyathatha izinsuku ezingu-83 kuphela. Umuntu owenza i-career brilliant ezivamile autocrat wezempi umbuso omkhulu, ngokuthi Yuan Shikai. Umlando wakhe iqukethe amaqiniso amaningi ezithakazelisayo, okuyinto kuwufanele ukufunda.

Ebuntwaneni futhi yunnosti

Ikusasa umashiqela Chinese Yuan Shikai wazalwa ngo-1959 edolobhaneni Zhandzhun elise Chenzhou Prefecture (Henan), emkhayeni wamasosha. Abazali bakhe abantu abacebile kakhulu, ngakho wanika indodana yakhe imfundo esezingeni elifanele Confucian. Nokho, yini asibonise ngentshiseko enkulu kangakanani lapho kuqhutshwa isifundo, kodwa asithandayo ihhashi ogibele kanye ubuciko bendabuko. Ngenxa yalokho, Yuan Shikai kuhlulekile kabili ukudlula luhlolo yasebukhosini futhi wanquma ukuba abe isosha, enethemba okungenani ibe umsebenzi wokuphila kwabo, ikakhulukazi phakathi amalungu emindeni lakhe lase abaholi abaningi abadumile lempi.

umsebenzi wezempi

Ekupheleni kwawo-1870 Yuan Shikai wathatha Anhui ibutho, elaliholwa umlawuli Li Hongzhang, futhi ngezithako zawo wathunyelwa Korea. Kukhona wakwazi ukukhombisa ithalenta akhe okukwazi ukuhlela ngubani uye waphawuleka. Ngenxa yalokho Shikai waqokwa isithunywa kombusi Chinese e Seoul, kodwa de empeleni waba inhloko uhulumeni wendawo, okuyinto kanye nezinye izinto, kuye kwabangela ukukhathazeka eJapane. Ukugqashuka kwempi kwaholela kokunqotshwa kwe-Empire Qing, okwakufanele cabanga ukuthi nesimanje amabutho akhe ahlomile amasha. Beiyang kuholele ukudalwa ibutho elisha imodeli German useqokwe jikelele Yuan Shikai.

Ngemva kokufa Li Hongzhang ngo-1901 wathola okuthunyelwe ka umbusi Zhili. Lokhu kwalandelwa nezinye aphoyintimenti esenziwe Dowager Empress Cixi, okuyinto kuphela waqinisa isikhundla Shikai.

Ukuhlanganyela kwekuhlela kabusha

Phakathi namashumi eminyaka yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, Yuan Shikai wafeza indima ebalulekile cishe kuzo zonke izinguquko kwenziwe ekamu, kuhlanganise ukudalwa eMnyango Wezemfundo kanye namaphoyisa. Wanqoba amakhulu kangangokuthi ngo-1908, i-Dowager Empress Bebona ukufa kwakhe okwase kusondele, eyalele ukuba kubulawe jikelele. Nokho, umashiqela esizayo enza ngokuhlakanipha kakhulu: adluliselwe zonke amandla akhe kuya ibamba abasanda kumiswa - ingane uMbusi Pu Yi - waya ekudingisweni yokuzithandela ndawo yakubo.

Ukhetho umongameli

Ngo-1911, ezingxenyeni eziningi kuvukela emelene nohulumeni wezwe Kwagqashuka. Yokuvimbela usizo oludingekayo Yuan. Ebizelwa dolobha waqokwa uNdunankulu. Phakathi nale nkathi izwe kuphenduka isiphithiphithi, futhi nsuku zonke izifundazwe ezingasho ngaphansi kwegunya Republican. Yuan Shikai ukuthola ngokushesha futhi waqala phila play double. Ngenxa yalokho, wahlela ukuba kokugumbuqelwa isiManchu lwamakhosi, okuyinto wakhonza iminyaka eminingi, futhi waba ngumengameli wokuqala Republican China. Ngokushesha uhlamvu ekhethekile yakhishwa. Yuan Shikai wamemezela ukuthi umsunguli republic, kodwa kwakungenjalo. Kulesi Inqubomgomo akayekile, kusukela uhlelo lwakhe lokufundisa abantu kwaba ukudala lwamakhosi entsha.

China ngaphansi kukaMengameli Yuan Shikai

Ngo-1915, e-Republic of China Bekunjalo emzabalazweni yemibuso emikhulu kanye nabaholi kwamaqembu endawo ababefuna ubambe ucezu emikhulu. Khona-ke Yuan Shikai, ogama Biography - indaba ekhuphuka njalo ngendlela embi wake elisha lezombusazwe, wanquma ukuba abe umbusi waleli ematheni China. Ukuze wenze lokhu, yena ziyoncibilika weSigungu Sikazwelonke kanye wathi umengameli ukuphila. Khona-ke Shikai waqala ukudalwa wonke uMbuso Chinese.

Nakuba umgomo wakhe wawuwukuba wemisebenzi, futhi wamemezela umgomo wokufinyelela ukuthula nokuzinza, isikhundla abantu ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe usufinyelele nakakhulu kunangesikhathi Qing BakwaHan. Ngenxa yalokho, ezindaweni Nalapha kwaqubuka ukuvukela.

Yentukuthelo amaShayina emkhawulweni, lapho Yuan Shikai ngokuthi Assembly Yabantu, okuyinto wammema ukuba abe umbusi ukusungula lwamakhosi entsha. Dictator lokuqala ngesizotha wenqaba, kodwa ke ngesandla esivulekile uvumile "ukunikezela" ngesicelo abantu Chinese.

Ukuphela ubushiqela

ngokushesha Kwavela ukuthi inqubomgomo Yuan siba sibi kuphela eziyimbangela kuleli zwe. Wayengumngane engathandwa kakhulu Phakathi kwamaShayina, njengoba "umbusi" entsha isimo ngesandla esivulekile basakaza umhlaba izihlobo zabo, bamvumela ukuba baphange yengcebo futhi wabhubhisa eyamukelwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umashiqela wazama usondela mithi angaphandle, ngisho uhlele umshado indodakazi yakhe kokugumbuqelwa uMbusi Pu Yi

Ukuzizwa ukuthi ubambe ngamandla njengoba inkosi uyahluleka, Mashi 22, 1916 Yuan Shikai yamemezela ukuqedwa yokubusa kwamakhosi nokuthi wavuswa isesikhundleni kalowo ukuphila yezwe.

Dictator wafa Juni 6, 1916 kusukela uremia. Ukufa kwakhe uhlome izwe waba nezinxushunxushu ngaphezulu, kuphelile ubunye China ngaphansi Kuomintang.

Okulandelayo ku-Numismatics

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi esifushane wokubusa kwakhe, umashiqela ephethwe ukukhulula imali yamaphepha nge ngomfanekiso wakhe. Ukudala izitembu wayala Italian Luidzhi Dzhiordzhi. Ngokushesha, uhlamvu lwemali lokuqala kubalwa. Yuan Shikai kuso wayechazwa ngokugcwele ngemvunulo lempi ngendlela yaseYurophu. Ubuso bakhe ukubaluleka ilingana dollar elilodwa. Ngenxa ezisetshenziswa igolide, nesiliva, nethusi (test ezahlukeneyo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo lokuqala zemali cishe ayengabantu isikhumbuzo. Ayezinikezele kumila Republic futhi senzelwe isethulo ngezinhloso.

Ekupheleni kuka-1914 wangena kwegazi iimpaparwanezo namahlelo 1 yuan (i-USD), kanye 10, 20 no-50 Jiao (amasenti). Ngo Tyanztsine kubalwa njengoba 5 yuan igolide. On the reverse of the uhlamvu lwemali ukuboniswa nodrako. Ngokuthakazelisayo, Chinese ngokushesha elika zemali entsha "ikhanda obukhulu", njengoba "umbusi" kwaba ngempela indoda amafutha. Isisindo zemali 1 dollar kwaba 26,7-26,9 amagremu, ngakho ongakhetha priori igolide ibiza kakhulu.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi owayeneminyaka Yuan Shikai. "Dollar" (China), inkathi yokubusa kwakhe kuyinto yokufuna yokwamukelwa abaqoqi. Nokho, namuhla, siyazi Ezimweni eziningi lapho okwangempela obuzama ukuthengisa manga uhlakaniphile.