Dynamite - kuyinto okusunguliwe Alfreda Nobelya

Dynamite - ingxube ekhethekile kuqhume, ogxile nitroglycerine. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi lo mshumayeli izidakamizwa kuyingozi kakhulu njengoba sinjalo. Nakuba impregnation ka absorbents okuqinile nitroglycerin kwenza kube ephephile isitoreji kanye nokusetshenziswa, evumelana ukuyisebenzisa. Dynamite futhi ingase iqukathe nezinye izinto. Njengomthetho, mass kwakhiwa has simise cylindrical futhi zahlanganiswa ngo iphepha noma plastic.

Ukusungulwa kwe-dynamite

Umcimbi kubalulekile kokusungulwa dynamite kwaba ukutholakala nitroglycerin. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1846. Waba iphayona wemithi Italian Ascanio Sobrero. Ukuze iziqhumane ezinamandla baqala ukwakha izimboni emhlabeni wonke. Omunye wabo wavulwa e-Russia. bamakhemikhali Domestic Zinin futhi Petrushevsky ngifuna indlela kanjani ukuyisebenzisa ngokuphepha. Omunye abafundi babo nje kwaba Alfred Nobel.

Ngo-1863 Nobel wavula cap detonator, okuyinto kakhulu lula ukusebenza okungokoqobo kwezimiso nitroglycerin. It ephethwe ukufezekisa lokhu ngokusebenzisa kusebenze i isiqhumane ngosizo mercury fulminate. Abantu abaningi namuhla bakholelwa lokhu okutholakele kaNobel obaluleke ngaphezu ukutholakala ye-dynamite.

Dynamite yena wemithi Swedish lobunikazi e-1867. Kuze phakathi leminyaka elidlule ke lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela alufakwa eyinhloko emsebenzini ezintabeni, yebo, emkhakheni lempi.

Dynamite babhuqabhuqwa iplanethi

Ukuze ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi sokuqala kwe-dynamite ngezinjongo ezempi uye wazinikela kaNobel ngonyaka lapho yena lobunikazi. Nokho, nakuba umqondo kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso ukwehluleka, ngoba kuyingozi kakhulu.

Ngo womshini zezimboni ukuziphilisa ye-dynamite usuqalile kusukela 1869. Omunye wabantu bokuqala lalisetshenziswa nezimboni Russian. Kakade ngo-1871 lalisetshenziswa isizinda amalahle ne-zinc-ore.

ukukhiqizwa dynamite amavolumu wakhula exponentially. Uma amathani 11 zakhiqizwa 1867, khona-ke ngemva kweminyaka 5 - amathani 1570, futhi ngo-1875 yathela ezingamathani angaba ngu-8000.

Yini i-dynamite - kungcono isikhali omkhulu, owokuqala ukuqonda amaJalimane. Baqala ukushaya up izinqaba amabhuloho, okwamshukumisela ukuba usebenzise French. Ngo-1871, le kuqhume uvele amabutho ubunjiniyela okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni Austro-Hungarian.

Iyini i-dynamite?

Lapho nje nezimboni kanye lempi emhlabeni ezwa ukuthi ingxenye dynamite, masinyane esungulwe ukukhiqizwa yayo. Qhubeka ukukhiqiza namuhla. Namuhla kuba cartridges nesisindo 200 grams, angasetshenziswa phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha. Kukhona High-ubufakazi futhi ephansi isithakazelo ndaba.

Njengoba sazi ukuthi indlela yokwakheka dynamite ezivela abakhiqizi ezahlukene Kwakuthé ukuhluka, izingxenye zalo eziyinhloko, yebo, zihlala zinjalo.

Chief phakathi kwabo - nitrosmes. Saqala ukuba zisetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa ukumelana frost. Lalinama nitroglycerin dinitrogikolya. Lena ingxenye eyinhloko oluphethwe 40% ngesisindo. Izingxenye ezilandelayo by volume - ammonium nitrate (30%), cishe 20% sasetshenziswa sodium nitrate. Izingxenye ezisele asetshenziselwa kancane kakhulu - kuyinto nitrocellulose, ufulawa ukhuni, Balsa futhi talc.

Dynamite enkonzweni izigebengu

Phakathi kwabokuqala baqonde ukuthi elithi dynamite, ubugebengu yazo zonke izinhlobo, futhi izinhlangano amaphekula. Omunye ubugebengu wokuqala nokusetshenziswa le kuqhume iphutha e-US ngo-1875. Itilosi waseMelika, uWilliam Kong Thomassen wazama okusemandleni ukuze baqede ekhishwe ulwandle isitsha "Moselle" ukuze uthole umshwalense. Nokho, emgqonyeni dynamite okuzenzela yamila emuva port phakathi ukulayisha. Le nhlekelele kwabulala abantu abangu-80.

Nokho, ukwehluleka kuqala akuzange kuwumise abaholi bezwe lobugebengu kanye amaphekula. Kusukela 1883 kuya 1885, amalungu inhlangano ziyingozi, wakhuthaza ukwehlukana Ireland abavela eBrithani, okuhleliwe uchungechunge ukuqhuma ne-dynamite. Kubandakanya ukuqhuma endlunkulu amaphoyisa British kanye Scotland Yard umzamo ukuze acekele phansi London Bridge.

Usebenzise le izidakamizwa futhi abalwa autocracy eRussia. Ikakhulu, i-party "Narodnaya Volya". EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani inqwaba ye-dynamite esetshenziswa izidlamlilo.

dynamite udumo uwela

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, iningi abakhiqizi babekholelwa ukuthi i-dynamite - lena alufakwa lomcoka izimayini kanye ukutholakala imali entsha amaminerali. Abamelana mncintiswano nitrate kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-XX leminyaka. Kwamanye amazwe - kuze kube maphakathi nawo-80s. Ngokwesibonelo, i-dynamite lavuselelwa omkhulu eNingizimu Afrika. Isetshenziselwa zasezimayini zegolide. Kuyinto eduze ngonyaka 90 th ngaphansi ukucindezela zabasebenzi ayeshintshe iningi izitshalo ukuze iziqhumane ephephile esekelwe ammonium nitrate.

ERussia, dynamite futhi mass ekhiqizwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ethandwa kakhulu kwaba Ukwakheka trudnozamerzayuschy. iziqhumane kusuka imboni yasekhaya wathatha 60 kuphela.

Emazweni amaningi, dynamite - kungcono ezingabizi futhi legkoproizvodimoe alufakwa. Lokhu eziyimbangela eyathatha iminyaka cishe 100. Kuze kube manje, dynamite kuthatha akukho kuka 2% inzuzo ingqikithi zonke izinto eziqhumayo emhlabeni.