KumiswaIndaba

Ebhala Ancient Egypt

Ukubhala eGibhithe lasendulo yayisekelwe hieroglyphs. Lezi zinhlamvu eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuvamile babemane isithombe eliqoshiwe bento noma isidalwa esiphilayo lula futhi. Ukubhala waseGibhithe lasendulo - ubufakazi basendulo - ngesikhathi esisha sitholakale amakholomu, izinsalela ze-papyrus amakholomu, izithombe eziqoshiwe noma emathuneni. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho abacwaningi European eseqala ukutadisha kulelizwe engaqondakali Oriental.

Igama elithi "yokubhala" kungokwalabo amaGreki. Bahlasela ngo-332 BC emazweni lasendulo ngaphansi kobuholi Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Kusukela igama lesiGreki "uhlamvu" kusho elihunyushwe ngokuthi "engcwele ezibaziweyo."

Ngokwabacwaningi, nokuloba waseGibhithe iyona enhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni. The best sanoma yimuphi kubantu ayikwazanga ukudala. Kodwa kule 5th AD leminyaka, ngokubhala hieroglyphic waseGibhithe lasendulo kwaba ukhohliwe futhi izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka, izinhlamvu ezine babe imfihlakalo ngisho ngokuba bendawo. Kulokhu, hhayi kuphela kuleli zwe kodwa kuphi emhlabeni akukho muntu oyiqondayo. Wokufunda nokuloba eGibhithe lasendulo wazama ekhulwini 16-17. Le nkinga njengoba wazama ukuxazulula ososayensi abaningi.

Nge ukushabalala impucuko lalahleka futhi isihluthulelo sokuqonda lokubhala hieroglyphic lasendulo. I last hieroglyphs asendulo eliqoshwe 394 AD ku obakhathalelayo. Ithempeli unkulunkulukazi u-Isis e Philae. Umbhalo yakamuva kakhulu esaziwa khulu elalihunyushelwe umbhalo oqoshiwe 452 AD.

Huge isikhathi zomlando (amathathu zeminyaka isigamu) kubonakaliswa ngulokungafani imibhalo. Yiqiniso, phakathi nayo yonke lenkathi, ulimi lasendulo laseGibhithe washintsha. Abacwaningi ulwahlukanise ngezigaba ezinhlanu ukuthuthukiswa:

- Lizinga lekusebentisa lulwimi Old baseGibithe babesebenzisa phakathi Old Kingdom (28-23 BC leminyaka ...);

- esikhathini kusuka eminyaka 22 kuya 16. BC Isebenzisa (sredneegipetsky) ngolimi zakudala;

- phakathi 16 -13 eminyaka. BC. e. - Lizinga lekusebentisa lulwimi Late waseGibhithe;

- abaseGibhithe elalihunyushelwe ukusetshenziswa ne-8 ngolimi. BC. e. 5 Ekhulwini ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu.

- 3-e. n. e zaqala ukusetshenziswa ulimi Coptic.

Ngemva ayehlasela ulimi Arabhu Coptic ku 7th AD leminyaka iyaqala kancane ngelinye ngu-Arabhu.

Ukubhala Egypt kubhekwa, kanye imibhalo ngesiSumerian, endala kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuyafana isiko kuleli zwe lasendulo, ubumbe ngokwanele bebodwa. Inombolo izimpawu hieroglyphic, ezivamile - endaweni ethile emhlabeni, anamakhulu asixhenxe. izakhi ngabanye of the incwadi kungase usukela ngezindlela ezahlukene. Lokhu kuncike kakhulu isikhathi ngenxenye ikhono umbhali. Lesi sici, kwasekuqaleni, abacwaningi ukubizwa ngokuthi hieratic (ngekuhlanganisa) ngokubhala.

Sami zinhlamvu oluthathwa by ebukeka ngayo. Ukwahlukanisa Gardiner (isiNgisi Isazi sezinto ezindala zaseGibhithe) kubhekwa kufanele zamukelwe.

Abantu eGibhithe lasendulo esetshenziswa izinhlelo ezintathu ngokubhala:

- hieratic,

- hieroglyphic

- futhi elalihunyushelwe.

uhlelo hieroglyphic ngaphambi, uma izithombe Pictograms. It wasetshenziselwa tekuhlelwa kwemisebenti wemibhalo yenkolo.

uhlelo Hieratic is ifomu ngekuhlanganisa wesistimu hieroglyphic lula. Lalisetshenziswa emalungiselelo ematheksthi ibhizinisi kanye zomthetho.

Olunye uhlobo uhlelo isibe elalihunyushelwe ifasitela lokuzula.

Qonda ubhala abantu baseGibhithe ayikwazanga ube usosayensi ukuze kuka 2000 eminyakeni. Ngo-Rosetta, dvute Alexandria, e 1799 kwatholakala itshe elincane le-basalt. Kwakuthinta liqoshwe isimemezelo kaFaro uPtolemy Omkhulu Wesihlanu. Ukubhalwa senziwe izinhlelo ezintathu: hieroglyphic, elalihunyushelwe nesiGreki. Stone, okuthiwa i-Rosetta, isibe omunye okutholakele ebaluleke kakhulu ososayensi, somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo, ngoba iqukethe isihluthulelo sokuqonda incwadi lasendulo. Axazulule impicabadala yokubhala ku 1822 kuphumelele le engumFulentshi Zh.F.Shampolonu.

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