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Yizinguquko kwezomnotho e 1985-1991:. izigaba kanye nemiphumela

Maphakathi nawo-80-yalolucwaningo empilweni wokusebenzela abantu, umnotho nezombusazwe republic aseSoviet babonakala ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele. Kwacaca backwardness esingenathemba umphakathi sezenhlalo kusukela emazweni asethuthukile ngaphezulu emhlabeni. Ukuze ugweme ukuwa wokugcina futhi sithuthukise isimo kuleli zwe, uhulumeni wase-USSR yizinguquko kwezomnotho e 1985-1991 Kwakuseshwa.

Okudingekayo ukuze kabusha

Eminyakeni 80 umnotho yaseSoviet Union kwaba sisonqenqemeni kokuwa. Ezweni lonke, kube nephutha Ukwehla ekuthuthukisweni yayo, futhi kwezinye imikhakha yezomnotho kwakukhona ukwehla oqinile amazinga ukukhiqizwa. I nokungasebenzi yezindlela kwezomnotho sezenhlalo ekhululekile ngokuvamile kubonakala isiqoqi sama-softwe, yokusansimbi, ngensimbi kanye nezinye izimboni. Nakuba ngo-1985 elase-USSR ekhiqizwa amathani angaba yizinkulungwane 150 steel, okwakukhona kuzo lokhu ukwedlula e-United States, izwe kwensimbi namanje akwanele. Isizathu salokhu kwaba abangaphelele ukuncibilika yayo ubuchwepheshe lapho ingxenye enkulu feedstock iguqulwe ibe chips. Lesi simo yashubisa ukuphatha kabi, ngenxa okuyinto a ton of rusting lensimbi ngaphansi esibhakabhakeni evulekile.

I yizinguquko kwezomnotho-USSR e 1985-1991. Kwakudingekile hhayi kuphela ngenxa yezinkinga emkhakheni umkhakha esindayo. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-80-yalolucwaningo eSoviet Union eyenziwa kokuhlaziywa kwemishini umshini amathuluzi zokukhiqiza yasekhaya. Kuzo zonke izinto ukuskenwa, futhi zaphumela zinkulungwane 20, inxenye yesithathu kwathiwa ngobuchwepheshe akusebenzi futhi yaphela indaba yalo. imishini ezingafanele ukuba kuhoxiswe kusukela ukukhiqizwa, kodwa namanje baqhubeka ukukhiqiza.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eSoviet Union wayegxila ekuthuthukiseni imboni yezokuvikela, kwaba zokungakwazi kakhulu ezimakethe zomhlaba. Lapho kwalapho kuhlangana khona 70-80-yalolucwaningo emhlabeni wonke olusentshonalanga sekhompiyutha revolution e-USSR, imali eningi waya ukugcinwa izingalo uhlanga. Ngenxa yalokhu, lokho akusho ukwaba izimali ezanele sokuthuthukiswa isayensi nobuchwepheshe. nomphakathi wamaSoviet isibe bayanda ukuhambisana entshonalanga mayelana nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezezimboni.

yezinguquko kwezombangazwe nezomnotho 1985-1991 futhi wavuthwa futhi ngenxa ukuwa amazinga yangempela eziphilayo. Kuqhathaniswa ekupheleni 60s kuya ku-1980 imiholo yabantu yawela cishe 3 izikhathi. izakhamuzi zaseSoviet ngokuya kufanele uzwa igama elithi "kusilela." Yonke imikhakha yempilo washaywa ubushiqela nenkohlakalo. Drop iphutha zokuziphatha kubantu abavamile.

I eza emandleni Gorbachev

Entwasahlobo ka-1985, ongunobhala jikelele we CPSU kwaba uMikhail Gorbachev. Eqaphela ukuthi umnotho wezwe kuyinto onqenqemeni kokuwa Wamemezela inqubomgomo wezinguquko yayo. On ithelevishini kwakuzwakala entsha ukuze abantu baseSoviet, igama elithi "ukuhlelwa kabusha", okushiwo okuyinto ilungiselelo lokunqoba yokujama tsi izinqubo, ukudalwa kahle futhi enokwethenjelwa ukulawula indlela okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono futhi kuyashesha ukuthuthukiswa nakowezenhlalo nezomnotho zokuphila.

Izigaba yizinguquko kwezomnotho ka 1985-1991

Ukuguqula umnotho Soviet zingahlukaniswa izigaba eziningana.

  1. Eminyakeni 1985-1986 uhulumeni wamaSoviet eliholwa Gorbachev wazama ukusindisa uhlelo sezenhlalo by ukurhabisa ijubane ukuthuthukiswa ayenawo kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe (Str), phinda umkhakha ubunjiniyela kanye ukuqiniswa lwabasebenzi.
  2. Ngo-1987, kabusha kwezomnotho uqalile. nencazelo yalo iwukuhlale ukuphathwa eyodwa ye aphuma zokuphatha ukuze izindlela kwezomnotho.
  3. Ngo 1989-1990, wathi inqubomgomo ushintsho kancane kancane kusuka umnotho sezenhlalo emakethe. anti-Inkinga hlelo "izinsuku 500" yasungulwa.
  4. Ngo-1991, olwenziwa izinguquko yemali. I ukufukulwa komnotho kwaba ngaphansi ukuwohloka ngenxa yokungahambi kahle isenzo sikahulumeni.

Inqubomgomo ukusheshisa

I yizinguquko kwezomnotho ka 1985-1991 owaqala ngokuvukela ukumenyezelwa kwezindaba Inqubomgomo kuyashesha ukuthuthukiswa yezwe. Ekwindla ka-1985, Gorbachev ngokuthi abaholi ibhizinisi ukuhlela ukusebenza multi-shift, bakwenze mncintiswano sezenhlalo kanye emisha, ukuqapha nokulandela zabasebenzi isiyalo ekukhiqizeni, ukuthuthukisa izinga umkhiqizo. Lezi zenzo, ngokuvumelana eMoscow, ziye kahle ukuboniswa ekukhuliseni umkhiqizo futhi kuyashesha sphere senhlalo nesomnotho impilo lonke elaseSoviet Union. indima Priority ngabelwa umkhakha ubunjiniyela, ukukhiqizwa eyayizoba futhi kuthuthukiswe umnotho kazwelonke.

inqubomgomo Kukhokhwa Gorbachev kuyashesha kwakusho nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwesilinganiso sokudlondlobala komnotho. Ngaphambi 2000, ubuholi Soviet wayehlela kabili amandla ukukhiqizwa futhi engenayo isimo kazwelonke, ukukhulisa 2.5 izikhathi umkhiqizo.

Lapho Gorbachev waqala umzabalazo okuqinile umlutha wotshwala. Ngokusho sezombangazwe kanye nabasizi bakhe, anti-utshwala mkhankaso waba negalelo elihle nasekuqiniseni ngekubayala nangekubacondzisa ngcono ukukhiqiza. Ezindaweni eziningi zalesi sihlahla rose ukwenziwa iwayini kanye vodka imikhiqizo, okwalapha bagawula ezivinini. Ngenxa yalokho sale nqubomgomo ukukhiqizwa utshwala eU.SSR kwehle ezikhathini 2. Ngenxa nokuqedwa iwayini nemimoya izinkampani kuleli zwe wahlupheka-dollar multimillion ukulahlekelwa. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela imali kwibhajethi isimo kuye kwaholela ukubambezeleka amaholo. Ukuze wenze i eshodayo, uhulumeni wanquma ukuzinika ku ukuyiprinta imali entsha.

I yizinguquko kwezomnotho ka 1985-1991 eU.SSR wabonakala ukuvimbela izakhamuzi zaseSoviet ukuzuza imali unearned. Ukuze umsebenzi wayo umsebenzi wangasese, ukuhweba okungagunyaziwe kanye neminye imisebenzi isimo ongalawuleki umuntu wayengahamba uye ejele iminyaka efinyelela 5. Kodwa kungakabiphi kwaba sobala ukuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo ayizwakali, futhi ngo-November 1986, kwaba khona umthetho ngokuvumela eSoviet Union abazisebenzako.

Kunonophisa ukuthuthukiswa isiqoqi sama-softwe uye eyabangela ukuncipha kwemali yokuxhasa ukuze ubone ezinye izindawo mboni. Ngenxa yalokhu, kusukela ekuthengisweni khulula laqala ukunyamalala bese ezidayiswayo. HTP, elisetendeni kabusha ukukhokhela indima ekhethekile, futhi akuzange wathola ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Crisis eminye buthaka isimo. Ekupheleni kuka-1986 kwaba sobala ukuthi izinguquko qualitative komnotho akunakwenzeka ukuba afeze ngenxa abangaphelele uhlelo ukuhlela isimo.

ukuguqulwa komnotho 1987-1989

Ngo-1987 UNdunankulu wathatha UNikolai Ryzhkov, ezithembisa ekulinganiseni umnotho kanye eminyakeni nesigamu. Uhulumeni wakhe uchungechunge yezinguquko okuhloswe ngazo ekudaleni emakethe sezenhlalo. Kusukela manje, inkampani idluliselwe self ngezimali, ezazinikwe ngokwengxenye ukuzibusa ukunweba ububanzi yokuzimela yabo. Izinhlangano banikezwa ilungelo babambisane ne abalingani elivela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nabaholi babo abuzange kuncike emakethe okungangako, futhi izikhulu. Baqala ukuba avele ama cooperatives lokuqala ezihlobene izakhiwo isithunzi. Umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwezilimi eziningi ngoba eSoviet Union, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi okungekuhle: uhulumeni uyekile ukulawula umnotho kahulumeni. Inguquko emakethe sezenhlalo yayingasekho nhlobo indlela yokubaleka. I yizinguquko kwezomnotho ka 1985-1991 akangayiletha Imiphumela elindelekile.

eminye imizamo avuselele umnotho

Ukuthola indlela aphume esibucayi uqhubeke. Ngo-1989, osomnotho Soviet Yavlinsky futhi S. SHatalin athuthukile uhlelo "izinsuku 500". Ingqikithi kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe ukudlulisela izandla eyimfihlo emabhizinisini kahulumeni kanye ushintsho kuleliya lizwe emnotfweni emakethe. Kulokhu, idokhumenti akusho banake izindaba ezifana kabusha isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona isimo, azimele ingcebo, le denationalization kobunikazi umhlaba, izinguquko yemali. Zezomnotho wathembisa ukuthi samuntu umqondo wokuphila ngeke kuthinte isimo sezimali sabantu. Ivunywe ngu the Supreme Soviet zohlelo USSR esefiké amandla ngo-October 1990, kodwa waba ethile eyodwa enkulu: ke kungaveli izithakazelo nomenklatura. Ngenxa yalokhu, Gorbachev, olunye uhlelo likhethiwe ngomzuzu wokugcina, ababengeke bakwazi ukwenza kugucukela emnotfweni emakethe.

Lwemali kabusha kanye ukuwa kwezomnotho Soviet

Omunye imizamo zakamuva ekulinganiseni isimo somnotho wawuba ngasekuqaleni 1991 lwemali kabusha. Gorbachev babehlele ngosizo yayo ubuyise yengcebo futhi ukumisa ukwehla ruble. Kodwa kabusha kuye kwaholela kuyanda engalawuliwe kwamanani nokwehlisa izinga lokuphila kubantu. I ukunganeliseki sabantu selifinyelele umkhawulo. Ezindaweni eziningi isimo ishanelwe isiteleka. Yonke indawo okwaqala separatism kazwelonke.

Imiphumela

Imiphumela yizinguquko kwezomnotho ka 1985-1991 babe esidabukisayo. Esikhundleni ekubuyiseleni emnothweni kazwelonke ka nezenzo zikahulumeni nakakhulu kwayibhebhethekisa isimo kuleli zwe. Akekho izinguquko kuhlelwe ungazange kuqediwe. Ukubhubhisa ukuphathwa isakhiwo esidala, iziphathimandla zehlulekile ukudala emisha. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ngokuwa ezweni omkhulu waba ngenakugwemeka.

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