Ezemfundo eMoscow State: nezikhathi main nabezombusazwe

Phakathi nokubusa Daniel Alexandrovich njengendlela "unifier" umhlaba Russian wathatha phezu eMoscow. Kuyinto kusukela kulesi sikhathi iqala ukudalwa isimo eyodwa nge capital enobunye. Rise of the Grand Duchy of eMoscow futhi isikhungo - eMoscow - akwenzekanga ngephutha. Lokhu lula isikhundla evumayo womhlaba, inqubomgomo bezingelwa ababusi eMoscow, ukuthuthukiswa kusishiya entsha ngokusebenzisa Russian imizila umhlaba ukuhweba. Umsunguli we lwamakhosi wezikhulu eMoscow ubhekwa indodana Aleksandra Nevskogo - UDaniel, uye wasebenzisa lelo ubukhulu ebhodini e 1263 kanye asebenzayo ekwandiseni emazweni awo. Ngakho, ngo-1301 i-ubukhulu eMoscow wajoyina Kolomna, futhi 1303 - Mozhaysk. Ngeminyaka embalwa nje, Daniel wokubusa ubukhulu bakhe ikhuphuke kakhulu futhi buye baba enye yezindawo ezinkulu nezinamandla kakhulu enyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia.

nethonya elikhulu kumiswa uMbuso eMoscow waba wokubusa Ivana Daniilovicha, ngokuyisisekelo baqhubeka nomsebenzi kayise ukunweba indawo zabo bese ujoyina Belozerskoye eMoscow, Uglich futhi galich ubukhulu. Ivan Danilovich, wethiwa Kalita, wangena umlando Russia njengoba ukunaka nesihluku, ehlakaniphile futhi uhambisane e umbusi ekuthathweni kwezinqumo, akhokhe imali ethé xaxa ukuze elala Golden zidlamlilo. Phakathi nokubusa Ivan Kalita eMoscow elaba isikhungo yokuhlala unomphela ngo-prince wakhe, okuyinto nakakhulu igunya izikhulu eMoscow phambi kwababusi asele emazweni Russian.

imfundo ephakeme isimo eyodwa eMoscow It is eholwa abantwana Kalita - Ivan Red noSimeyoni le Proud, azibandakanye naye Starodubsky, Dmitrov umhlaba, Kostroma futhi Kaluga.

On ukwakheka isimo esisodwa ayikwazanga nomphumela ukuxabana izinduna oqubuke eRussia phakathi nekhulu le-14, phakathi zabazukulu Ivana Kality, imithetho zitholakala iseduze eMoscow principalities. Isizathu esiyinhloko ubutha phakathi kwalezi zelamani zaba umbuzo zokushintsha oda ngokulandelana. incazelo ehlukile izimpi izinduna ka ngekhulu le-14 itholakala ukulwa nezitha nabasekeli zokwakha umbuso owodwa ensimini ka-Russia, nenhloko-dolobha yalo eMoscow. Ngenxa yalokho, labo wakhuthaza yinye yamazwe isiRashiya, ukunqoba ngokungathandabuzi ukuthi iwine.

Ukwakheka kwe-Muscovite isimo kwaqedwa phakathi nokubusa Ivan III nendodana yakhe - Vasily III. Nabakhulu nezikhulu asele principalities Russian kalula wadlulela inkonzo eMoscow. Labo abasaya enqabe khona ukuqaphela igunya wezikhulu eMoscow, bashiya izwe labo, babalekela emazweni angomakhelwane (ngokukhethekile, eLithuania). Lesi sakamuva, izwe elikhulu kunawo wonke, ukunakekela amandla ubukhulu elizimele, yayibuswa Novgorod, lapho boyars kule nkathi yesikhathi ukuphothula isivumelwano ku eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari nge Lithuania. Lapho bezwa ngalokhu, Ivan III 1471 ihlelwe emashini elibangise emzini. Impi ewumnqamula-juqu senzeka ngo Shelon River esifundeni, amabutho Novgorod bahlulwa ngokuphelele Muscovites. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, Novgorod waba ilungu ubukhulu eMoscow.

Ukwakheka Muscovite isimo laqedwa ukubusa kulo 1485. Tver. Amalungelo kuwo kulesi sikhathi Ivan III yathola isihloko Emperor of All Russia. Ukuphela ngekhulu le-14 ehlela emlandweni wezwe lakithi njengoba kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi yayo kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo.

Ezemfundo eMoscow State elihlobene ne umcimbi kangaka njengoba yokukhululwa eRussia kusukela amaMongol-Tatar ijoka cishe 240 oneminyaka. Ivan III kwaba ababusi bokuqala yezwe kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule uyekile ngincome AmaTatar. Ngo 1480 Khan Akhmat umzamo ukubuyisela ukubusa izwe kwenziwa, okuyinto akuphumelelanga. Ngemva yokukhululwa eRussia kusukela kwejoka wazonda khona ukukhula ngezinga elingakaze libonwe yokuma ubukhulu eMoscow, banamathela ke okusele ezweni unsubordinated: Smolensk, Pskov futhi Ryazan. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 kumephu kuyoba amandla entsha uya ngokuthi Russia.