Emsebenzini Political: izimbangela, izinhlobo, izinkinga, imiphumela, izibonelo

Ithemu emsebenzini zezombusazwe uvele Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XX. ososayensi American aseqalile ukuyisebenzisa ukuchaza ukwenqena lezakhamuzi lokuzimbandakanya empilweni zezombangazwe zezwe, futhi ikakhulukazi okhethweni. Isifundo lomkhuba bikho zezombusazwe eyaqanjwa eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma eziningi nemibono ukuchaza izimbangela zalo nemiphumela.

Umcabango

Ngokusho wezifundo zezombusazwe, emsebenzini zezombusazwe - a disengagement abavoti ukuba ahlanganyele kunoma isiphi ivoti. Modern ngayo embusweni Uyi okucacile lesi simanga. Ngokwezibalo, ezifundeni eziningi, lapho khetho ibanjelwe inqubo yokhetho akusho iqhaza ngaphezu kwesigamu izakhamuzi kokuba ilungelo lokuvota.

emsebenzini Political has izinhlobo eziningi shades. Umuntu abengezanga okhethweni, is aziqabukeli kusukela ubudlelwane bamandla ngokuphelele. Kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sabo zezombangazwe, uhlala isakhamuzi futhi wentela. Non-iqhaza ezimweni ezinjalo usebenza kuphela umsebenzi lapho umuntu angakwazi ukuzibonakalisa njengoba umuntu asebenzayo, isibonelo, ukucacisa isimo sabo sengqondo lelungu noma nembangi sephini.

Izici bikho zezombusazwe

Of passivity lokhetho kungaba khona kuphela uthi lapho kungekho kokucindezelwa lwangaphandle ukuze nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe. Lathi emiphakathini wobushiqela, lapho, njengoba umthetho, iqhaza okhethweni ungumkhohlisi uyisidingo. Emazweni ezinjalo, eqondiswa zoMthetho uthatha party kuphela ukushintsha uhlelo lokhetho bona. emsebenzini Political yabantu kwenzeka uma umuntu engalali yemfanelo ithola amalungelo. Ukulahla kubo, makangasondeli iqhaza okhethweni.

emsebenzini Political obuhlanekezela imiphumela ivoti, ngenxa okhethweni ukubonisa imibono abavoti abeza izigaba. Kwabaningi, passivity kuwuhlobo umbhikisho. Iningi izakhamuzi abangazinaki okhethweni, ukuziphatha kwabo ukubonisa ukukhathazeka ohlelweni. Kuzo zonke embusweni ekhululekileyo, iphuzu ezivamile ekubukeni yokuthi okhethweni - ithuluzi zokukhwabanisa. Abantu ungahambi kubo, ngoba ayeqiniseka ukuthi, noma kunjalo, amavoti abo zizobalwa e umthetho yomthetho noma inqubo yi ngeke uhlanekezelwe ngenye indlela ayibonakali kalula kwaye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emazweni wobushiqela, lapho kukhona usesimweni amasayithi ukhetho wavakashelwa cishe bonke abavoti. Le ndlela kuyinto indida kuphela efika kuqala.

Emsebenzini Abashisekeli

Kwezinye izimo, imiphumela zezombusazwe bikho kungaphumela bezombangazwe. Nakuba abavoti nge ukuziphatha okunjalo futhi ungahambi ukuvota, lokhu akusho ukuthi abanandaba kwenzekani ezweni labo. Uma emsebenzini - sibi umbhikisho, kusho ukuthi lokhu umbhikisho angahlubula ku okungaphezu kwalokho. I kuhlukaniswa abavoti kusukela ohlelweni kuyinto evundile okungamila kuyo okwanda wokunganeliseki.

Ngenxa ukuthula izakhamuzi "yokwenziwa" umuzwa kungase kubonakale sengathi akuzona okungaka. Nokho, lapho lezi abebengeneme ukufinyelela nephuzu ukungamukeleki yayo igunya, bayaqhubeka amagxathu asebenzayo ukushintsha isimo esimweni. Kwakuthinta okwamanje kungabonakala ngokucacile, ukuthi bangaki abantu kuleli zwe. Ihlukile nomunye izinhlobo emsebenzini zezombusazwe ukuhlanganisa abantu ezahlukene. Abaningi babo akasalanga kwezombangazwe njengendlela mkhuba, kodwa nje kuqhathaniswa uhlelo olukhona.

Ukuhlukunyezwa passivity yezakhamuzi

Esikalini nengozi bikho zezombusazwe kuzoncika ezintweni eziningi: isimo ukuvuthwa kohlelo, sengqondo kazwelonke, amasiko nemikhuba yomphakathi ethile. Ezinye theorists ukuchaza lesi simo njengoba elinganiselwe iqhaza lokhetho. Nokho, lo mbono iyaphikisana ikambisolawulo eziyisisekelo. Noma yimuphi uhulumeni e isimiso esinjalo esigunyazwe inhlolovo futhi ukhetho. La mathuluzi eyenza bona izakhamuzi uphathe isimo sabo siqu.

Limited iqhaza yokhetho - kuyinto exclusion kwemikhakha ethile labantu kusukela ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe. isimiso okunjalo kungaholela meritocracy, noma oligarchy, lapho ukufinyelela ekuphathweni isimo ukuthola kuphela "okungcono" futhi "Izintandokazi". Imiphumela enjalo ayabaluleka akusebenzi emsebenzini zezombusazwe intando yeningi ngokugcwele. Ukhetho njengendlela yokwenza ukwakha iningi kwezibalo ngeke usaba umsebenzi.

Emsebenzini eRussia

Eminyakeni 90 bikho zezombusazwe eRussia wazibonakalisa yonke inkazimulo yayo. Izakhamuzi eziningi linqaba imphilo yesive. Bakhandwa badunyazwa esho neziqubulo zezombusazwe elikhulu nangokumemeza emashalofini ezingenalutho ezitolo komgwaqo endlini.

Ngo isayensi yasekhaya kwamiswa amaphuzu amaningana ekubukeni emsebenzini. ERussia, lesi simanga - uhlobo ukuziphatha, esizibonakalisa ukugwema iqhaza okhethweni nezinye izenzakalo zezombusazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo awanandaba futhi ungabi nandaba. Emsebenzini kungaba ukuthi lo mzamo uhlulekile ukwenza, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi wabizela yilo nhla ngabandayo. Uma sicabanga ukuziphatha okunjalo kubonisa intando izakhamizi, kungaba ngisho ubizwe omunye kuyizimpawu intando yeningi. Lesi sahlulelo kuyoba yiqiniso, uma singazinaki ezimweni lapho izakhamuzi anjalo ezinzuzweni isimo, ukushintsha isimiso sezombangazwe ngaphandle kwekubuka abavoti "yokwenziwa".

semthethweni

Inkinga ebaluleke kakhulu kwezepolitiki bikho Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi esimweni ivoti ingxenye encane umphakathi akunakwenzeka ukhulume ivoti udume ngempela. Kuzo zonke embusweni ekhululekileyo, kusukela iphuzu yezenhlalakahle umbono, isakhiwo izivakashi zokuvota wehlukile isakhiwo nasemphakathini wonkana. Lokhu kuholela ukubandlulula amaqembu wonke nokuphika izithakazelo zabo.

Ukwandisa inani abavoti nokuzibandakanya nokhetho kunikeza uhulumeni semthethweni okukhulu. Ngokuvamile ePhalamende, ukhetho KaMongameli, nokunye. D. Zama ukuthola usekelo olungeziwe ke phakathi kwabantu yokwenziwa, labasaphila emthumeni ku abalithandayo. Osopolitiki, abaphethe ukwenza nabasekeli babo izakhamuzi anjalo, njengoba umthetho, futhi ukunqoba ukhetho.

Izimo letitsintsa emsebenzini

izakhamizi ezibamba iqhaza okhethweni ingahluka kuncike hlobo nokhetho, izici zesifunda, izinga lemfundo, uhlobo zokuhlala. Izwe ngalinye inesiko layo zezombusazwe - iqoqo imithetho yezenhlalakahle eziphathelene nenqubo yokhetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhankaso ngamunye has izici zayo siqu ngabanye. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi emazweni uhlelo ezilinganiselwe zokhetho, Umvoti abeze ingaphezu kwe kulezo lapho kusungulwa iningi-ezilinganiselwe noma elula iningi uhlelo.

ukuziphatha yokhetho

Ukukhishwa kusukela ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe ngokuvamile livela iziphathimandla ukuphoxeka. Umthetho eqinile kubonakala ezingeni lesifunda. Inombolo abavoti yokwenziwa kwandisa lapho igunya kamasipala zonke umjikelezo zezombusazwe indiva izithakazelo izakhamuzi.

Ukwenqabela ezombusazwe kuza ngemuva kokutholakala akazange ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga ezibakhathazayo ukuphambukisa abakhileyo emzini yabo yansuku zonke ukuphila okuvamile. Ukuqhathanisa emnothweni emakethe futhi emikhankasweni yezombusazwe, abanye ososayensi baye bathola iphethini elandelayo. ukuziphatha Electoral iba esebenzayo lapho umuntu uyabona ukuthi izenzo zakhe uyakwamukeliswa bazuze imadlana ethile. Uma umnotho sikhuluma ngemali, abavoti ufuna ukubona empilweni yakho ushintsho olubonakalayo ukuze kube ngcono. Uma ungezi, khona-ke kukhona abantu abaningi abasinaki futhi zokungazimiseli ukuxhumana inqubomgomo.

Umlando ekuhloleni lomkhuba

Ukuqonda mkhuba, okuyinto emsebenzini, waqala lo XIX sekwephuzile - ekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Izifundo zokuqala Kwakuseshwa Chicago School of Usosayensi wezombangazwe Sciences Charles Edward Merriam futhi Gossnelom. Ngo-1924, baba inhlolovo abavamile baseMelika. Ukuhlolwa lwenziwe ukuze sithole izisusa alizange ukhetho abavoti.

Esifundweni ikusasa isihloko baqhubeka uPawulu Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson nezinye ososayensi bezenhlalo. Ngo-1954 u-Angus Campbell, encwadini yakhe ethi "The Umvoti enquma" ukuhlaziya imiphumela umsebenzi ababengaphambi futhi yakha umbono wakhe siqu. Abacwaningi waqaphela ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza noma non-iqhaza okhethweni kunqunywa ezicini eziningana, okuyinto ndawonye bakha isimiso sakhe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XX sekube imicabango eziningana ukuchaza ezinye izinkinga kwezombusazwe bikho nezimbangela zayo.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela yekwakha sive

Lo mbono uvele sibonga incwadi "Izisekelo Social Theory," eyabhalwa James Coleman. Umbhali bakwenze nomqondo "yekwakha sive". Igama elithi uchaza iqoqo ubudlelwane esiwenza umphakathi, okuyinto isebenza isimiso komnotho emakethe. Ngakho, umlobi, wayibiza ngokuthi "dolobha".

Ekuqaleni zazingenzelwanga nemfundiso yokuziphendukela Coleman oye waziwa ngokuthi "emsebenzini zezombusazwe". Izibonelo ukusetshenziswa imibono usosayensi uvele iphepha ngokuhlanganyela uNeil Carlson, uJohn Wendy Bram ukulimaza. Nale eside bachaza umthetho izakhamuzi zibambe iqhaza okhethweni.

Ososayensi kuqhathaniswa imikhankaso yokhetho osopolitiki kanye ukusebenza nezibopho izakhamuzi ezivamile yezwe. Izakhamuzi lokhu impendulo yakho ngesimo ukuvakashela kokhetho. Kuphela nokuxhumana yala maqembu amabili ozalelwe nentando yeningi. Ukhetho - a 'obungokwesiko womfelandawonye "amagugu imiphakathi khulula nge evulekile isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. I bakwethembe ngokwengeziwe phakathi abavoti kanye ukhetho, asemthethweni ngaphezulu uzobe uphonse ibhokisi lamavoti. Coming ngesakhiwo, oyedwa hhayi kuphela abahilelekile zezombangazwe nezenhlalo, kodwa futhi ekwandiseni sphere ayo ezithakazelisayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zonke izakhamuzi liyakhula indilinga labangane naye has uxabana noma ukuthola ukusilela. Konke lokhu ithuthukisa amakhono adingekayo iqhaza okhethweni.

umphakathi ithonya

Nge ukwanda isabelo abathintekayo ezikhulayo, futhi inhloko-dolobha efanele yezenhlalakahle yokhetho inqubo izakhamuzi. Lo mbono alichazi imiphumela emsebenzini zezombusazwe, kodwa kubonisa uhlobo genesis. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu lo mbono kuyinto Italy, okungase ihlukaniswe yaba izifunda ezimbili. Enyakatho, wazakhela nendawo ihlanganiswe yobudlelwane nabanye phakathi abantu okufanayo ekilasini, imali, indlela yokuphila, nokunye. D. Ziyakwazi kulula nihlanganyele kanye ukuthola izinto esivumelana ngazo. Kule iphethini kwandisa yekwakha sive nokuzwelana isimo sengqondo esiqondile ekufezeni ukhetho.

Kuhlukile e eningizimu ye-Italy, lapho eziningi banjinga futhi izakhamuzi abampofu. Phakathi kwabo amanga kwalasha. Umshado onjalo mpo yezenhlalakahle ukubambisana phakathi izakhamuzi ngokwabo. Abantu abazithola kwezakhi aphansi okuxhumana nomphakathi, baphelelwa ukholo ezombusazwe, abanasithakazelo umkhankaso wokhetho. Kule ndawo, kuvamile kakhulu emsebenzini zezombusazwe. Izizathu umehluko enyakatho naseningizimu ye-Italy ku isakhiwo heterogeneous yomphakathi.