Evelele esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo Petersburg: ohlwini, incazelo, isithombe

Isisho ezivelele eziyinkimbinkimbi - esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo Petersburg i sici enesimo mlando city centre, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi yayiyinhloko-dolobha abasha zomhlaba. Kulomcimbi Petersburg is kahle wacabanga isakhiwo jikelele njalo, proportionality ngendlela emangalisayo konke ensembles ezisemadolobheni nokuvumelana Polyphony isitayela uma sicabangela ongaphakeme-key kakhulu imvelo. Lelo qiniso, futhi esiyigugu emhlabeni wezobuciko yezakhiwo izikhumbuzo Petersburg.

Izitayela kanye master

Buildings emzini amaningi njengoba nanhlanu izitayela ezahlukene, lathumela main kungenziwa ngokuthi baraque - uPetru Elizabeth, Classicism, Empire, eclectic, yesimanje kanye constructivism. Italian Baroque - isikhathi zezimbali absolutism - kusuka 16 kuya 18 leminyaka. Lapha sethabe eziyinkimbinkimbi curvilinear, Dynamics, ubukhazikhazi kanye quirkiness. esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo Petersburg kukhona isitayela nezimo kakhulu.

Ukuze uPetru izakhiwo eRussia ngokuthi "amaphethini Russian le" komculo futhi ngokuvamile isiko WaseByzantium ekwakhiweni kwethempeli. Russian baraque - nokuhlanganiswa lezi izitayela ezimbili. Nokho, eMoscow baraque kaPetru azigcini nje komunye nomunye kodwa ngokwezinga elikhulu - iNtshonalanga Yurophu. Uma siqhathanisa esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo of Petrovsky Petersburg sika Epoch maphakathi noma iliphi idolobha Italian noma French lasendulo, ungabonga uqinisekise lesi.

baraque kaPetru

Tsar uPetru injabulo ukumema abaklami kusukela West, futhi ngenxa yalokho i-German-Dutch-Italian-French co-ukudalwa lesi simanga kwavela Petersburg isitayela. Kwakuwusuku Omkhulu Northern neMpi, izakhiwo zokuhlala ezakhiwa cishe lulungiswe, ngokuphelele ukhuni esikhashana ngokushesha.

Kodwa noma kunjalo ayelapho izakhiwo ukuthi ukwazi abaphila manje: i-wokwakha igceke lemikhumbi, echwebeni, le nqaba - nge izakhiwo ezilula, emifushane, avalelwe futhi enengqondo wadala ngaphansi kwethonya enkulu Dutch namaJalimane.

Stucco, imipheme elinemipheme kwakungafanele, kodwa ngokuvamile lo mbumbulu babe pediments, volutes, pilasters, nophahla - nemibhoshongo ogcizelela zonke iziqondiso mpo futhi enezingqimba. Ngaphakathi isakhiwo ngokuvamile kunazo zonke esihlelelwe nge-suite. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, izakhiwo ayenendawo zangasese ezishaywayo nama- nzi.

izibonelo

Ithempeli ne-izinqaba izakhiwo kwakulula, kodwa nenhle isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi uPetru noPawulu Cathedral, isonto Saint Panteleimon, uPetru noPawulu Fortress noPetru yayo Gate, Summer Palace sikaPeter Omkhulu, Menshikov Palace, Nambili Collegia, Kikin Chamber of Curiosities, u-Alexander saseNevsky Lavra, esigodlweni kwama-Italian ku Kronstadt . Abakhi wesikhathi: MG Zemtsov, Domenico Trezzini, A. Schlüter, JB Leblon, G. Mattarnovi, JM Fontana.

Elizaveta Petrovna

indodakazi Petra Velikogo lwalungakapheli kusuka esakhiweni izifiso zikayise, kodwa yonke inkathi wakhe ukusebenzisa imibono Baroque Western Europe njengoba injalo uhlambulukile, ngoba umbuso ngaphansi kwesandla sayo kwaba ubukhazikhazi elambile, ubukhazikhazi kanye nobuhle. esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo Petersburg kwekhulu le-18 agcwele ngokucacile kakhulu isitayela jikelele komuzi. Esakhiwe esikhulu amasonto ababhishobhi, amathempeli, izindlu, izigodlo - zonke imidwebo zokuhlobisa more and plastic, nge izitebhisi ebanzi ngaphakathi, nge letimbili temandla amafasitela kanye Suites amakamelo.

I Interiors of isikhathi babe fantastically namawashi ahlekisayo, inala ebaziwe, eqoshwe imihlobiso kanye flooring Patterned nezibuko. Okuhlezi emqondweni imibala baraque kuhlangene i ifaka oda. Kuye saqala ukwakhiwa amasonto amahlanu oluyingungu, wabuya isiko ezibaziweyo iconostasis eyayibhalwe futhi Russian ethempelini umhlobiso canons WaseByzantium. Futhi manje izivakashi angajoyina ubukhazikhazi isitayela, okuyinto kugcinwa esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo Petersburg.

Kafushane mayelana masters kanye izakhiwo

Le nkathi elethwesa imiqhele, yebo, Rastrelli, kodwa Lasebenzisana futhi FS Argun, futhi SI Chevakinsky kanye AV Kvass futhi P. Trezzini futhi AF Whist. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili ngaphambi 1760 Anichkov ngeminyaka yawo Elizabethan baraque Stroganov futhi Vorontsov izigodlo, Smolny Cathedral, Catherine Isigodlo e Tsarskoye Selo, Winter Palace kanye ePeterhof Omkhulu, Naval Cathedral nokunye okuningi.

Ekaterina Velikaya

I engamashumi amabili ezayo, ukwakhiwa Petersburg wabe ngaphansi uphawu absolutism ukukhanyiselwa futhi isitayela classicism ekuseni. Buildings eyatholakala Harmonically ngaphambilini, nge intuthuko enenqubekela phambili lula futhi ubukhulu ngesikhathi esifanayo - njengekhadi lebhizinisi ezweni olungenamkhawulo.

Izimpawu - oda lasendulo, monumentality, ukuzibamba, konke igcinwa endaweni izakhiwo classical-isitayela esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo Petersburg. incazelo Photo kuzosiza ukwehlukanisa classicism ekuqaleni nezinye izinhlobo zawo.

Buildings isitayela classicism ekuseni

Lamanje Administration Building RGPU ku Moika - esigodlweni yangaphambili Ukubala Razumovsky, eyakha AF Kokorinov neJB Vallin de la Mothe wayengomunye walaba isakhiwo ekuqaleni-classical-isitayela kuqala. bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zayo kuyinto izakhi ebonakalayo baseKorinte oda ionic, imifanekiso, Arcade, kodwa ithonya Baroque esikufezile. igceke Front amasango omkhulukazi futhi kocingo oluphakeme kugcizelela solemnity lesi sakhiwo.

esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo Petersburg, okuyinto uhlu olude kakhulu izipho futhi ezinye izidalwa lezi abaculi abanamakhono. It Repin Institute on University Embankment, 17, futhi ekuqaleni kwakukhona Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, isakhiwo Petersburg State University phezu kwaleli chibi, 9, ngaphambili - icala ibhola imidlalo; Yusupov Palace. Vallin de la Mothe esakhiwe Ulenga Garden neNorth inkundla ye Hermitage Amancane. Yuri Felten, umfundi Rastrelli eyakhelwe isikole amantombazane umFilisti, Hermitage elikhulu, eSontweni Lase-Armenia, iSonto LamaLuthela ngo-Vasilyevsky Isiqhingi nesonto St Anne ku Kirochnaya, 8.

classicism esiqinile

elingenalo ngokuphelele izici izakhiwo Baroque esakhiwe ngemuva 1780, futhi basonta Catherine classicism. Bona ngokuqinile ulandele imiyalo zasendulo Vitruvius futhi Palladio - Izakhiwo unxande ziyalingana, bekholelwa kulokho izindawo zokudlala, elinemipheme, pediments, imipheme. I Interiors ahlotshiswe amakhophi ukubaza Antique futhi izakhi eziningi yamandulo.

Iphayona isitayela Petersburg baba Cameron, ngesikhathi esifanayo wasebenza VI Bazhenov, D. Kvarnegi, IE Kuvele ubudala, NA Lions. Imisebenzi yabo - ukuvumelana ukuphelela compositional, banganhlanhlatsi amafomu proportionality. Isibonelo esimangalisayo - the Tauride Palace.

Pavlovsky classicism

Lokhu isikhathi esiyiminyaka emihlanu kuze kube 1801 inikeza inguqulo kancane romantic ka classicist izakhiwo, okuyinto ngokucacile kuthonywa isitayela Gothic. Lena ngokuyinhloko Chesme Palace wezakhiwo YM Felten - ukuma esingunxantathu oluxube gothic ngesimo yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili, toothed amafasitela Lancet futhi uthango.

esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo Petersburg agcwaliswa nezinhlobo lwaseningizimu yeYurophu Mikhailovsky Castle, lapho classicism okumsulwa - kuba mbumbulu main naseningizimu wezangaphakathi. Castle ubukeka ngobudlova, ngesibindi, cornices esindayo enyakatho olungaphambili lwesonto okusikhumbuza knightly nezigqoko.

classicism-Alexander

Eyandulela of the Empire, Russian baba classicism kuka-Alexander, okuyinto evame ukubizwa isitayela Empire. U-Alexander I futhi ngokuvamile abamenyiwe abaklami angaphandle, ikakhulukazi French.

Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo lesi sikhathi ukuhlukanisa elawula oda Doric noma Tuscan namakholomu esindayo. Vela sphinxes nezinye izakhi yabaseGibithe Revival izakhiwo. Ilondolozwe imigqa esiqinile, ngokubabazekayo, izithombe omkhulukazi ne zibe lula futhi zicace we ngalé.

Izibonelo ikhoyili Empire lokuqala

Kulesi isitayela Petersburg esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo emelelwa isakhiwo Imayini Institute on Vasilyevsky Island, abenziwe imidwebo A. Vorohnina. Flutes ku ikholomu Doric ikakhulukazi kahle ukugqamisa isitayela efanayo emathempelini lasendulo, izithombe eziqoshiwe noma kunjalo Antaeus, Hercules futhi Proserpina abakhona lapho.

abadumile nakakhulu imisebenzi lokhu okuyinhloko - iKazan Cathedral. UMbusi UPawulu, owayekhathazeke ayehlose, wafuna ukuphinda seVatican St kaPetru, futhi kwezinye imininingwane ukufana kungabonwa: ekuklanyweni jikelele, emaphakathi Dome enamandla, e sokukhulekela side futhi engekho umbhoshongo insimbi. Noma kunjalo, kuba umhlobiso wangempela saseNevsky Prospekt.

classicism High (Late)

Ngaphezu kwakho konke kulo isitayela wasebenza Tom de Thomon: kwakhiwe Bolshoi Theatre (ngeshwa, kusekhona hhayi ngokuphelele), emzini Countess uLaval isakhiwo esisha emakethe futhi le Amathe ka Vasilyevsky Isiqhingi (amakholomu rostral, kakhulu). Ungaqiniseka ukuthi abantu abaningi esilinganayo amakholomu ukungezwa ku-Stock Exchange isikhala isakhiwo futhi kuvumelana nayo Ukwakheka saseNevsky Prostor. Futhi isakhiwo uqobo, futhi ikholomu rostral ehlotshiswe ukubaza ziyimifanekiso.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo waphakamisa ngokubabazekayo ukwakhiwa Admiralty - uphawu bomuzi uMfula iNeva - umakhi AD Zakharov. Laqedwa ukwakhiwa langaphambilini, okuyinto lokho kwakumane ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi abadumile Spire wezakhiwo Ik Korobov. Mbumbulu uthole ezihlukahlukene, kodwa Rhythmic kakhulu ngenxa imipheme ophumile namakholomu Tuscan (endleleni, phakathi nendawo kukholamu futhi wahlala ionic). Kanjalo ujenga Ensemble iSigele, eSt Isaka Palace Square kanye Alexander Garden. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umakhi Quarenghi eyakhelwe Smolny Institute - futhi kule okusezingeni eliphezulu isitayela classic.

Empire Russian

Izimpawu of the Empire, Russian - ekugubheni ukumehlula Bonaparte: the classic uhlelo oda kanye sikubeke okufanayo kuvela amakholomu esiyisikhumbuzo, nemengamo lokunqoba, ubungcweti sihlanganisa izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu kakhulu, izakhiwo ehlotshiswe izinkozi, umfire amagoda ezimbali, imvunulo kanye nezinye kufanekisa kwezempi.

Amakhosi edume kakhulu kulesi siqondiso - VP Stas futhi KI Rossi. Mithandazo ngesibindi kakhulu siguqulwe isikhala ezisemadolobheni, kokuba eyakhelwe Palace Square kwakhiwe Jikelele Abasebenzi, iSigele Square esiGungwini futhi Senate Alexandrinsky yaseshashalazini ndawo. esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo Petersburg uyodala isithombe esingcono kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi incazelo. Lapho ngakho ngenxa yokuthi isibalo sabo omkhulu akunakwenzeka ukuchaza esikhaleni eyodwa sihloko iDemo.