Eziphila - eziphilayo lapho zidla eziphilayo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana ...

Symbiosis, noma letihlomulisa co-khona eziphilayo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, kuyaziwa isikhathi eside. Kodwa lokhu akulishintshi iqiniso lokuthi eziningi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama zalesi simo ingakamiswa wafunda futhi ayiqondakali kahle.

Ngokokuqala ngqá leli engokwemvelo emangalisayo bethole Swiss usosayensi Simon Schwendener ngo-1877. Ngaleso sikhathi, wavele wafunda ulele. Ngamangala lapho isosha lithi lwakhe olujulile kwathi la magciwane kukhona isakhiwo kwakhiwa amakoloni isikhunta ulwelwe unicellular. Igama elithi "Symbiosis" e nezincwadi zesayensi uvele kancane kamuva. Okuningi ngokunembile, ke ehlongozwayo 1879 de Paris.

Kusukela lo mqondo abantu esiphethweni kunalokho ngokushesha, kodwa umbuzo uyasala nge trophism. Ukuphakelwa jikelele ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana? Endabeni le ulele esifanayo kwaba sobala ukuthi ulwelwe baphile nge-photosynthesis, kodwa kusukela kokuthola ingxenye izakhi zamakhowe? Uma futhi ungazi impendulo yalo mbuzo, siphakamisa ukuthi ukufunda i-athikili yethu.

Uhlolojikelele

ososayensi Modern baye bathola ukuthi nezilwane eziphila - eziphilayo lapho zidla (ikakhulukazi) iyafana umzimba evelele ibusa. Nokho, kuyinto kabi futhi ayilungile kakhulu definition, futhi ngenxa yalokho kufanele uchaze ezinye izimo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kabanzi.

Kufanele bakwazi ukunikeza izibonelo ezimbalwa owakho. Ngokwesibonelo, nama-bacterium awusizo ukuba abantu inqwaba ziyatholakala ku-yogurt acidophilus. Abantu lona nje imvelo enkulu, futhi i-bacterium ahlinzeke ukusebenza esiphelele ipheshana lethu elithi wokugaya ukudla.

By endleleni, it bayisebenzisa kahle le Kutushov owaziwa. Eziphila, okuyinto azithengisayo isiko, unikeze ekwenteni ncono kusebenta pheshana emathunjini ngisho nakubantu asebekhule, ngokuvamile abahlala ukubonwa nale nkinga enkulu.

Ulwelwe njengoba eziphila main

Sekuyisikhathi eside izazi zezinto eziphilayo wathola ukuthi ngaphandle ukubanjwa kweqhaza ulwelwe hhayi ungenza noma yikuphi okubili omunye eziphilayo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana. Futhi akusiyo amanzi kuphela, kodwa futhi kwi eziphilayo luyingxenye eliwumhlaba. Banakekela ukungena ubuhlobo letihlomulisa nomunye futhi amagciwane, isikhunta, eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi uhlu ulwelwe, okuyinto bayakwazi Symbiosis kuyinto lolulingene.

Ngakho, ubudlelwano ezizosihlomulisa namanye isikhunta bayakwazi ukusungula esiphezulu abamele ezinhlanu izizukulwane eziyisikhombisa, futhi ngokomlando, ukuthi nezilwane eziphila yilezi: Nostoc (Nostoc), gleokapsa (Gloeocapsa), stsitonema (Scytonema) kanye stigonema (Stigonema).

Mayelana ulwelwe kanye Kumabheja

Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi ehlathini elikude Amazon uhlala kuyinto ephawulekayo ezicini zonke isilwane. Owayedume ke ukuba ngokwedlulele kancane futhi kokuphumula. Yiqiniso, sikhuluma Kumabheja. Yilokho nje hhayi wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi umbala lezi zilwane (oluhlaza ezingcolile, ensundu) ubonakala ngenxa le lesikhumba kwemvelo elingenamikhono, kodwa ngenxa ulwelwe iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana.

Bahlala khona kanye noboya of Kumabheja futhi igqugquzelwa photosynthesis ezivamile. Ibheja ngoba kubo wathola esihle sifihle Umbala. Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, ososayensi baye bahluleka ukuba sifinyelele isiphetho ngazwilinye ngokuthi kwalokhu kuhlalisana ndawonye ukunika yena ulwelwe. Kulokhu, nezilwane eziphila - eziphilayo okuyinto bondliwa izinto ezikhiqizwa bebodwa inqubo ye-photosynthesis.

Umumo UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki ulwelwe ubudlelwano nezinye izinto eziphilayo

Ulele futhi Kumabheja - isibonelo eside ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi izinhlobo ezimbili zokuphila. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi nezilwane eziphila, amagciwane kanye ifomu ulwelwe nezinye izinto eziphilayo imifelandawonye eqinile futhi ikhumbuleka isikhathi eside enjalo. Ngakho, avame nje ulandele phezu a eziphilayo. Yiqiniso, mayelana Symbiosis egcwele kulesi simo umbuzo. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi epifitirovaniem. Umzuzu ifilimu ulwelwe ngokuvamile amboze hhayi kuphela amagobolondo of mollusk, kodwa futhi ebusweni umzimba ezinye izinyoni nezilwane zasemanzini zasolwandle. Ngakho, ulwelwe epiphytic inqwaba ngisho kuxazululwe on imikhomo giant.

Epiphytes - eziphila noma izilokazane eziphila ngezinye?

Ososayensi namanje singavumelani wakho umbono kufanele kubhekwe ubudlelwano phakathi epiphyte nezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lesi simo is best lithathwe njengendlela bakudala, inguqulo eyinhloko ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana.

Ngo ukungakhethi, Ngivumelana lo mbono nzima. Epiphytes, futhi ngempela musa idale umonakalo ngqo eziphilayo phezu okuyinto ezinza, futhi lokho nje kuhle (ebonakalayo noma kunjalo) nazo ningagcini.

Umonakalo kusuka epiphytes

Small izinambuzane zasemanzini izibungu, eyanqunywa imilenze ezinabantu wanamathela epiphytes, kukhona kakhulu slow, njengoba ngokushesha ancibilike ngokwenyama nje abakwazi. Ayanda izitshalo ngamanzi, amaqabunga awo "cishe ukunakwa" ulwelwe owumphumela, ngokuvamile nje bafe bengenalwazi elangeni. Phela, ne lesi simanga cishe nazo zonke aquarist. Singasho ukuthi kulokhu eziphila - izimuncagazi, njengoba nakuba kungase kuzwakale.

Kodwa! Epifitizma mkhuba wafunda kakhulu, kubi kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi lezi ubudlelwano eqinisweni bayazuza hhayi kuphela ulwelwe, kodwa futhi eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Riddle namanje elinde umcwaningi walo. Futhi lokho sidla eziphila uma uhlala ngaphakathi emangqamuzaneni izilwane ephakeme noma izitshalo?

eziphila intracellular

Akunjalo eziphila ezingavamile ungakwazi ukuphila ngokwamandla amaseli yayo "master". Uma sikhuluma ulwelwe esifanayo, bebizwa endophytes. Bakha i endosymbiosis, okuyinto asho into ngenhla nzinyana. Phakathi abalingani kulokhu isivele yaba nobuhlobo obuseduze, eqinile futhi ikhumbuleka isikhathi eside. umehluko yabo eyinhloko itholakala lokuthi laveta eziphila ezinjalo, elula kuphela Luhlolo ngokwanele eziningi futhi uyinkimbinkimbi cytological.

Okubalulekile! Ososayensi baye kuqhathaniswa eside kungase kutholakale ukuthi ezinkulu organelles yeselula - the mitochondria ezilwaneni chloroplast ezitshalweni - kwamiswa endulo, sibonga ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana. Lapho sebephindele eziphilayo ezimele.

Ngesinye isikhathi esededelwe, lezi eziphila intracellular baye bathuthela ngokugcwele "ixazululwe" ukuba khona phakathi kwengqamuzana ephilayo, bese baba ngokuphelele kuncike ke, ngokudlulisela ufuzo yayo ukuphathwa emongweni yayo (kancane). Ngakho singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi zonke izinhlobo ezaziwayo okwamanje zokuphila ezizama khona letihlomulisa, unawo wonke amathuba ukuze kanye babe munye nalabo eziphilayo, ngawo banayo ukubambisana ezikhona namuhla.

Njengoba eziphila ukungena iseli?

Njengoba eziphilayo kukhona kumaseli kwezilwane ephakeme futhi izitshalo? Ezinye izinhlobo zawo ziye eziklanyelwe lamasu. Futhi ngokuvamile abanayo eduze symbiote, kanye "nabo ezweni elisuke". Kukhona Fern encane amanzi - azolla (Azolla). Ezansi ngalo ingaphakathi amaqabunga ayo kunamavesi ewumngcingo eziholela izimbobo emazinyweni, onguchwepheshe isikhwehlela. Yilokho into lezi izimbotshana futhi uthole oluluhlaza ulwelwe Annaba (Anahaena azollae), okuyinto ukubhukuda phakathi komgodi kanye zamanje amanzi.

Iziteshi Fern ezikhulayo igcwele ulwelwe bahlale bahlukaniswe ngokuphelele. Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi wazama ukwakha ku amakoloni isisekelo azolla yezinye izinhlobo, kodwa wangaphumelela azifinyelelanga. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi ukwakheka ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana kungenzeka kuphela uma nje kwaqondana ephelele eziningi nemingcele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfelandawonye onjalo ihlukile evelele zinhlobo ngokucacile.

Ngakho, nezilwane eziphila - eziphilayo lapho ukondla ngokusebenzisa uhlobo izinqubo zayo ezithile (amagciwane i-nitrogen), wabe izinto ezibalulekile nomlingani, kodwa kudingeka izimo ezithile ukuthi anganikeza kuphela.

Ziyini izinzuzo ezinjalo co-khona?

Qaphela ukuthi ngaphakathi izimbotshana azolla kuyinto compounds kakhulu nitrogen. ulwelwe oluluhlaza, okuyinto singene Fern umzimba, hhayi kuphela ngenkuthalo sokwetshisa kubo, kodwa futhi ulahlekelwe ngokuphelele ikhono self-nenkanuko edlulele ka-nitrogen esemkhathini. Organisms iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana naye wenza okufanayo ngokubonisa ngokunika Fern umoya-mpilo futhi izinto ezithile eziphilayo.

Kumele kuqapheleke futhi ukuthi lezi eziphila musa ibhekane cishe akukho ushintsho enhlanganweni yamazwe ayo. Nokho, kuze kube manje, izinto akuzona njalo Intracellular Symbiosis. Ngokuvamile, labo ulwelwe ukuthi ungene nokubambisana ezizosihlomulisa namanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezahlukene ukunciphisa ephelele ulwelwesi cell. Isibonelo, lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi ulwelwe oluluhlaza, okuyinto yakha ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana nge uhlobo oluthile of neziponji zasolwandle.

Zingomiswa nezilwane eziphila intracellular

Isikhathi kuqhathaniswa eside, zonke ososayensi babe engakholwa ethi, ecabanga ukugaya somuhlwa. Njengoba lezi zinhlobo begazi uphathe ukuze baphumelele, zidla ugodo olulodwa kuphela? Esanda kutholakala kwakusahlala wathola ukuthi ukubhekisiswa oqondile ngokhuni uginindela kukhona nezilwane eziphila kulencane wemfanelo, ama-bacterium, lenyama kukhona nezilwane eziphila ezihlala esiswini ka umuhlwa ngokwabo. Njalo is uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ngempumelelo kakhulu.

Yilokho nje abacwaningi namanje abaqondi ukuthi izinambuzane ukuthatha imali eyanele amandla: phela cellulose ngabe yikuphi hhayi kakhulu okunomsoco. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zidinga esiningi nitrogen. Lomqulu eHoreshi kugaywe zezihlahla akulula ukunquma. Muva nje, ososayensi Japan sebefike Imiphumela lokukwazi ukuthi baye etholwe ukutadisha ngokucophelela ufuzo ka flagellates iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana abahlala ipheshana wokugaya ukudla of nomuhlwa.

Yini Kwatholakala e ufuzo lwabo?

Kukhona izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Ikakhulu, i-abacwaningi bakwazi ukubona hhayi kuphela zofuzo banesibopho esikhiqiza enzyme ukuze zigaya i-cellulose, kodwa futhi labo banesibopho nitrogen nenkanuko edlulele. Lesi sakamuva kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu i-nitrogen esemkhathini esebumba esibophezelayo amafomu yayo okungase kufakwe nge lwesitshalo noma lwesilwane umzimba. Lokhu kuqakatheke khulu, kusukela nitrogen ngaleyo ndlela etholwe isetshenziswa umuhlwa futhi flagellates ngoba amaprotheni zamagama.

Ngamafuphi nje, ngenxa yesimo samanje icala eziphila - eziphilayo lapho zidla ukhuni sokudliwa nomuhlwa. Eziphila eziphila (i-nitrogen amagciwane flagellates) banesibopho nitrogen nenkanuko edlulele, ngaphandle okuyinto ngeke siphile futhi lomuhlwa, noma wakhe "izivakashi."

Izitshalo nezilwane eziphila

Njengoba thina Besakhuluma amagciwane i-nitrogen, akunakwenzeka ukusho mayelana imidumba. Bekhunjulwa bonke ababefunda wezitshalo, kuhluke okuqukethwe ephawulekayo eliphezulu amaprotheni zemifino. Lokhu uye eside futhi kwaba ososayensi ngokudlulele bamangale. Ubhontshisi ephethwe ukwakha imali eyanele amaprotheni, ngisho nalezo zimo lapho kwakukhona cishe akukho nitrogen enhlabathini!

Kwavela ukuthi wavuma ukunikeza eziphila umzimba. Yebo, konke lokho kwase okufanayo amagciwane i-nitrogen, ephilayo ukhululekile e impande Izigaxana okusanhlamvu. Bona kukhishwe i-nitrogen esiyigugu esivela emoyeni, ukuyivala kwifomu kahle digestible.

ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano eziphila

Akumangazi ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside odokotela sihlakulele nama-bacterium awusizo ukuba abantu. Okokuqala, kwaba ngesimo zokukhiqiza yogurt kanye neminye imikhiqizo yobisi, kodwa namuhla esifundweni kwafika ezingeni elisha lonke.

Ikakhulukazi owaziwa samanje baye baba eziphila Kutushova. Kuyini lokhu? Okwamanje, zidayiswa ngaphansi kwalesi lokuhweba isiko oludakisayo eziphilayo kugayeke.

Zonke eziphila Kutushova (ngokunembile, amasiko abo) isekelwe kuphela lasendulo-Mongolian zokupheka imikhiqizo yobisi. Ngakho ukuthi ngempela kungayithuthukisa impilo yakho jikelele ngisho ukubonakala.

Waba imfundiso yabo Kutushov. Eziphila amasiko bakhethwa ngokucophelela, zinikeza komzimba womuntu amino acid ezibalulekile futhi ukulandelela izakhi. Kuyinto ngenxa yalokhu, futhi zathola imiphumela emihle.