Umnotho Uzbekistan sika: impumelelo noma uyisehluleki?

Umnotho wanamuhla Uzbekistan Kuvezwe nge Uzbek wekuba sive eNgophezukonke esaba khona lapho abantu ngokuwa kweSoviet Union. Phakathi amalungu CIS, leli lizwe ngomunye wabokuqala Ufake isigaba ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. Ngo-2001, Uzbekistan wakwazi ukubuyisela amazinga yaseSoviet yokuthuthela zithele ngokushiyana kuye izinkomba GDP. Engine zokukhula ubulokhu ihlala nokuthengiswa (kuqhathaniswa asetshenziswe ezindlini, isebujameni yokujama tsi). Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhula komnotho kubonakala amazinga ongaphakeme eziphilayo.

umnotho eNgophezukonke

Ukuze ekulinganiseni isimo ezweni abake ukuvela isimo esisha, uhulumeni wase-Uzbekistan uye zizikhethele inkambo wezinguquko kancane kancane. Inhloso ayisihluthulelo ushintsho kancane kancane kusuka umnotho kuhlelwe kweSoviet emakethe yesimanje. kwekuhlela kabusha kwesakhiwo kuhlanganisiwe nasekuqiniseni isiyalo yokukhokha kanye namanani aphezulu emkhakheni energy, ekuguquleni yangaphambili collective amabhizinisi ezolimo zibe amapulazi ngabanye, kanye ukwenqaba monopolies isimo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, azimele wamabhizinisi akazange abe agcwele. Ngenxa yalokho, isisekelo umnotho wazibonakalisa egcwele ukuphikisana Uzbekistan. Lesi sici kuye kwaholela yokuthi kwathatha umnotho emakethe uye ehlile futhi ayizange yaphela kuze kube yilolu suku. Umkhakha wangasese nezamabhizinisi kuvimbela kokungenela isimo.

Ibhange nezezimali

Ngo-1994, umnotho Uzbekistan waphuza siqu imali yayo kazwelonke - sum (isamba elilingana eziyikhulu tiyin). Engxenyeni 90 exchange yayo ingamaphesenti liqhathaniswa ne-dollar US wesibili uye wahlala okuzinzile. Ekuqaleni kowezi-2000, uhlobo lwemali US yagcwala ukubonga. Lapho ushintsho ukubaluleka livelile ngesikhathi isinyathelo we Central Bank of Uzbekistan. Iqiniso lokuthi izinga lokushintshisana in the isizwe Asia Ephakathi akuyona mahhala, futhi kulawulwa isimo emizimbeni zezimali. Ibhange emaphakathi Kwakufanele ngithathe izinyathelo engathandwa ukuletha intengo Uzbek imali izinkomba zangempela emakethe. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali - yezinkinga eziyinhloko nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Ukuze sinciphise izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu zokukhula intengo uhulumeni iminyaka engu-25, siyaqhubeka nenqubomgomo yokuziphatha Friend okwenza imali credit.

Ngo-2003 kuphela, Ministry of Umnotho Uzbekistan wamemezela ukuqala convertibility mahhala lwemali kazwelonke. Ukuze afeze lokudzingekako lokufeza ubunye exchange rate, okwakubekelwa nzima ukwehla ke. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa sibonga kwezinyathelo ezathathwa ngo-2003, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali bawela 3%. Esikhathini esizayo, uhulumeni waqhubeka kancane kancane ukuhlanganisa lwemali Uzbekistan emakethe ngamazwe.

Amabhange ezinhlanu ngobukhulu kuleli zwe - ukuthi National Bank, Uzpromstroybank, Asaka Bank, Agrobank futhi Ipotekobank (lokulandisa 62% uhlelo yasebhange wonke wezwe). Ngo-2013, inhloko-dolobha ingqikithi commercial credit izinhlangano yezwe zaba $ 3 billion.

Ngo-1994, i-Stock Exchange "Tashkent" yadalwa, okuyinto eyaba omunye izikhungo oyinhloko ukuphila zezimali yezwe. It wasungula Brokerage, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye zomshuwalense ayisihluthulelo Uzbekistan. Ngesikhathi exchange isitokwe olwenziwa kokuqala umnikelo umphakathi kanye nokuhweba yesibili kwamatayitela. Ngo-2012, le platform ukuzuza ngokuthengisa kwezigidi ezingu-85 zamaRandi.

lobudlelwano bangaphandle

Umnotho wanamuhla Uzbekistan uzama ube emakethe hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi livulekele lonke izwe. Ithuluzi esikhulu salokhu - iqhaza wezwe division ngamazwe wezabaSebenzi umnotho womhlaba. Esikhathini 90 isimo esisha eNgophezukonke ongene ezihlukahlukene izinhlangano eziye zasiza ekuboniseni oxhumana ukuhweba nge emazweni ahlukahlukene. Lena ngokuyinhloko UN, ngaphakathi kwalo kukhona ezihlukahlukene izikhungo zezomnotho. Central republic Asian futhi ibambisane neBhange Lomhlaba kanye International Finance Corporation.

Izinhlangano eziningi Uvule emahhovisi abo omele e Tashkent. Kuyinto UN, IMF, European Bank neKwakha kaBusha nekuTfutfukisa, iBhange Lomhlaba, European Union Commission. Vela nababambisene lesifunda sabo. Iningi umnotho Uzbekistan sika ixhunyaniswe ne iminotho amanye amazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi, e-Russia, Turkey, Pakistan nase-Iran (ne yokugcina ngokukhethekile kuhlobene eduze emnothweni Kazakhstan Uzbekistan kanye Russian Federation). Zonke republic likhona 37 izikhungo zezimali zomhlaba.

Ukuze lula ukudalwa amabhizinisi nekomkhulu angaphandle uye wakwenza kwaba lula ukubhalisa izinkampani abafisa ukutshala emnothweni Uzbekistan. omuhle Ikakhulukazi kwaba ukwamukelwa imithetho emisha yokulayisensa lemikhiqizo. Kodwa njengasekuqaleni, futhi manje ozakwethu abalulekile Uzbekistan - ezweni the CIS.

Ukuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali

Ngokwezibalo, umnotho Uzbekistan namuhla, ngokuya utshalomali, ezikhanga kakhulu endaweni ka imboni yezamandla (uwoyela, amabhizinisi chemical), ezokuthutha kanye nezolimo. Ngokwesiko, inhlokodolobha angaphandle siqondiswe Tashkent futhi Ferghana izifunda. Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, emakethe umnotho Uzbekistan sika namanje kuncike kakhulu uhulumeni. Ngakho-ke, i-ngobukhulu amaphrojekthi ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle ukusebenza kule lizwe kuphela ngaphansi ukuqapha isimo. Ngokuvamile, Ministry of Umnotho Uzbekistan nezinye izigungu ezinesibopho akhethiwe lezinto hi-tech kanye nokukhiqiza, kanye ukubaluleka imikhakha. Konke lokhu imizamo ukugqugquzela ukukhula engxenyeni ezimele.

Investments yenzelwa hhayi ngaso izinhlelo yesikhashana samanje, futhi ngenxa yesikhathi eside futhi kuyadingeka ukuba kulungiswe kunjongo yephrojekthi. Ngokusho izimiso kanye isimiso lezomnotho isimo. inhlokodolobha Foreign kusiza ukuguqulwa isakhi ezihlukahlukene izimboni, ukusheshisa sesimanje kanye lobuchwepheshe kabusha imishini yokukhiqiza. Umnotho Uzbekistan idinga namuhla futhi ukuze kutshalwe izimali kulezo nasezinhlelweni zezemvelo. Inkinga sina isimo ne-Aral Sea asha ngenxa ukusetshenziswa sokungacabangi imithombo yamanzi nenkathi yamaSoviet.

Ngo Uzbekistan lanamuhla isimo evumayo kakhulu utshalomali likhona ukucutshungulwa nezimayini. Ukubukeka kulezi ubuchwepheshe kusiza ekwehliseni izindleko isisetshenziswa ekuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ne ngamanani aphansi emakethe ngamazwe. Isilinganiso sanamuhla emnothweni Uzbekistan sika eba kakhulu nje ngokusebenzisa ukuthekelisa enjalo (ukotini, izindwangu nokunye. D.). Investments ibalulekile ikakhulukazi esikhathini shintsho nalezo aphila kuzo manje Central republic Asian.

izinto zokusetshenziswa

iminyaka eminingi ekuthuthukisweni komnotho welizwe Uzbekistan BakaJehova iye yenza ke ekuholeni isimo ezimbonini Central Asia, isiqinisekiso nozinzo kulawa mazwe. Leli zwe eziningi eziwusizo ayisisekelo for zimali angaphandle. Lokhu ukusimama komnotho omkhulu kanye nangesimo sezepolitiki, izimo ezikahle zezulu kwemvelo. Lezi zici futhi isihluthulelo ukuthuthukiswa iyunifomu yezwe lonke.

Umnotho Uzbek ivela engu-25 sibonga isisetshenziswa kwesisekelo salo ocebile futhi isikhundla kunenzuzo ezindawo (Uzbekistan itholakala maphakathi emakethe lesifunda ngobukhulu). Okubalulekile yesayensi nokuhlakanipha kwabantu futhi human resources yezwe. Ukufinyelela izinto zokusetshenziswa kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba sinciphise izindleko zokwakha ethutha, ingabe nokwandisa izindleko imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa.

Namuhla izwe ithole emikhakheni ehlukene 2,800. Mineral imithombo isizinda weRiphabhulikhi balinganiselwa ku 3.5 izindodla zezimali. Ngenxa wakhe, kwamiswa kulandela impumelelo Uzbekistan emnothweni: endaweni yesi-9 emhlabeni ukwenziwa igolide, 9 - uranium, 5th - ukotini fibre.

energetics

Central isizwe Asian ingenye amandla ezimele ngokuphelele ezimbalwa emhlabeni wonke. Uzbekistan Industries enikeziwe 100% kawoyela ongahluziwe, uwoyela ongahluziwe, igesi yemvelo, ugesi kanye namalahle. izidingo Economic Uyokhavwa okungenani elinye 100 iminyaka. Kube uhlole 200 igesi, uwoyela condensate.

Umnotho we Republic of Uzbekistan siyasebenza kusukela umbono kwamandla. It hhayi kuphela ihlanganisa ukukhula kwesidingo, kodwa futhi inani layo ushibhile izikhathi eziningana ukwedlula ngisho emazweni eziphambili kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamathuba angenamkhawulo, esakhiwa ngo ehlukile imithombo energy (umoya, ilanga, njalo njalo. D.).

Namuhla e-Uzbekistan has 45 izitshalo amandla odala 12,000 megawatts ngonyaka. Lesi sakhiwo edonsa cishe uhhafu amandla omhlaba wonke ngamazwe amandla uhlelo Ase-Asia Ephakathi. Ngo-2012, izitshalo amandla Uzbekistan ekhiqizwa 52 bhiliyoni kilowatt-amahora.

ezolimo

Ezolimo iyinhlangano umphakeli abalulekile izinto zokusetshenziswa for ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani owayebaluleke ungqongqoshe umnotho wase-Uzbekistan, njalo umkhakha wezolimo uselokhu nokuziqhenya yezwe. Ngesisekelo ezolimo - ukukhiqizwa zikakotini. Lena mkhiqizo ukuthekelisa obalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-3,4 zikakotini kwaba eqoqwe ngo-2010. Ezinye izinto ezibalulekile ukuthekelisa wezolimo Uzbekistan sika usilika okuluhlaza, amagilebhisi, izithelo, ikhabe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elincane kakhulu izithelo ithengiswe nemifino (amathani 10 million ngonyaka).

Babalelwa ku-60% sabantu Uzbekistan sika uhlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Kule ndaba, emkhakheni wezolimo iqasha Ingxenye enkulu yabantu zokusebenza wahlanganyela emnothweni. Izingxenye ezinkulu esetshenziselwa izitshalo, balondoloza enkulu kusetshenziswa isimiso sokunisela ngenkasa. Umsolwa uvele ngaphambi nenkathi yamaSoviet. Eqaphela ukubaluleka kwalesi ingqalasizinda, uhulumeni Uzbekistan ezimele njalo libuyekeze. Namuhla ukutshala endaweni balinganiselwa ku-4 million amahektha kuleli zwe (emazweni eniselwayo bakha mayelana 87%).

Ngokwezibalo inikezwe i-Ministry of Umnotho weRiphabhulikhi Uzbekistan, leli lizwe linazo amapulazi ezingaphezu kuka-80 eziyinkulungwane. Le ndawo isilinganiso icebo ezinjalo - ehektheleni 60. Umnotho kokuLima njalo ikhululwe ekuhlanganyeleni izintela iminikelo saziso endaweni yomcebo. Mayelana 10 abayizinkulungwane ngokukhethekile ukulima, amazambane nemifino, nezinye ezingu-22 000 - e ukulima futhi viticulture (ngonyaka Simila Balinganiselwa ku 50 000 amathani amagilebhisi amathani 15,000 izithelo).

Ngokusho isinqumo ngasekupheleni uMongameli Islam Karimov Uzbekistan ivume Samazwe Ngamazwe ukuba kube nentuthuko kwezolimo. Esimeni izimo ezingalindelekile, uhulumeni kungaba baphume ukubolekisa concessional sokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wakuleli wezolimo. Kulinganiselwa ahlukahlukene, kulo mkhakha we umnotho Uzbek samanje etshaliwe abangaba yizigidi ezingu-700 zamaRandi phakathi izimali zakwamanye amazwe. Kuyinto kwemali-Asian Development Bank World Bank kanye Islamic Development Bank. Minyaka yonke, ezolimo republic uveza, izindleko ingqikithi okulinganiselwa ku-12 isigidintathu soums. Imboni amakhemikhali Uzbekistan silethwa emakethe ezingaphezu kuka-1 million tonnes kukamanyolo ahlukahlukene.

Isici emihle ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo-Uzbekistan ukusondela ukuba ezihlukahlukene izimakethe. umnotho wayo elinesimo ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha asethuthukile. It okuhlanganiswe ngayo jikelele uhlelo ukuxhumana ngokuhlanganisa yonke Eurasia. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkampani Slovak, okuyinto ukutshala Uzbekistan, ukufinyelela ezimakethe ezinhlanu ngobukhulu futhi ezikhula ngokushesha (CIS).

bangabasebenzi

Central republic Asian kuhlale kuwumthombo obalulekile zomsebenzi. Uzbekistan - isimo bomhlaba wonke futhi elinabantu abaningi, okuyinto lapho kwakuphambana khona imizila yezohwebo phakathi aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kuba maphakathi lokuhlushwa izikhungo zemfundo kanye nocwaningo, kanye smithy kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe.

Namuhla Uzbekistan emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba kusekelwe umsebenzi ephothula 65 amanyuvesi yezwe (ezimbonini kanye lobuchwepheshe enothile ikakhulukazi professional). Kusukela ngo-1943, esebenza phakathi kwethu republic Academy of Sciences. Siqukethe nesishiyagalombili zocwaningo. Lokhu emisha ukhiye kugxile hhayi kuphela kuleli zwe, kodwa sonke isifunda Asia Ephakathi. Inani elikhulu of Uzbek zabasebenzi ezihilelekile emnothweni Russian. Ukuze imisebenzi RF asebenzayo yentsha luhamba ikakhulukazi.

kwezohwebo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi umnotho Uzbekistan isungule kuleli zwe eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-wokuzibusa 25, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ihlobene eduze izimakethe eziningana ashukumisayo - CIS, South Asia, eMpumalanga South-East Asia, Middle East, Afghanistan, futhi naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga.

Ukuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela inikeza amathuba, kodwa futhi kwenza republic sengozini izinhlekelele zangaphandle ezivela phesheya. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlekelele yembulunga yonke kwezomnotho ka 2008-2009. It kuholele izindleko sina emnothweni wezwe. Ukuze sibhekane nale nselele, uhulumeni yokutholwa uhlelo anti-Inkinga. Ngokuhamba liye yashesha sesimanje, olusha izimboni eziqavile, encishisiwe energy ukusetshenziswa izindleko, kukhuphuke ukuncintisana abakhiqizi, ukuthuthukiswa yesimanjemanje, kakhulu kwaqinisa zezimali futhi lithembekile yasebhange kanye neluhlelo lwetimali. Ngokusho kohlelo, umkhankaso amaphrojekthi kuka 300 ezibalulekile, okuyinto baba kunabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 43 zamaRandi.

Ukuze izinhlangano zikwazi ukusungula ubudlelwane bezomnotho nezwe ngaphandle, eminyakeni 90 izwe kwadingeka ukuba adale kusuka ekuqaleni a izikhungo ezimbalwa. Endaweni yokuqala kuba Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, Customs Service, kanye ne-National Bank Foreign Economic Affairs. Letakhi zilawulwa iKhabhinethi of Betindzaba Uzbekistan. Endabeni ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi emakamelweni abalingani ezimisiwe commerce (nge-UK, US, eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe). Namuhla, nelungelo ukungena emakethe angaphandle ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa kungathi izinkulungwane ezimbili amabhizinisi enkulu republic Asia Ephakathi (izinkampani, izinhlangano, nokunye. D.). Neqiniso zokuthumela Uzbekistan isungule kanye nokukhululeka kancane kancane nokubambisana zomnotho wezwe.

ibhizinisi

Kule minyaka eyi-10, izinkampani ezizimele, ngikwandise kakhulu umnikelo wazo womkhiqizo okhandwe yiNingizimu Uzbekistan (kusuka 30% kuya ku-50%). Ikakhulukazi lubonakale ibhizinisi elincane embonini yezokwakha, ezolimo, amasevisi ukuhweba wemboni. ukubaluleka kwalo liyaqhubeka likhula embonini ukukhanya.

ezintathu kuzo ziba usebenza ibhizinisi elincane (noma yona ngokwayo ekubhekaneni, noma oqashwe abaqashi enjalo) zonke abantu abane abazisebenzayo e Uzbekistan. Lezi zibalo kuphela okwandisa. Minyaka yonke, izinkampani ezizimele unika leli lizwe imisebenzi-isigamu wezigidi (cishe uhhafu kulo bayizinkulungwane kwezolimo, 36% emkhakheni service, 20% embonini). ukuthuthukiswa Esitebeleni ibhizinisi Uzbekistan kuqinisa isimo amandla lesifunda main.

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union phambi uhulumeni sadingeka ukwakha uhlaka ezingokomthetho ezivuna ukusungulwa kanye nokusebenza namabhizinisi amancane ngasese. Ngemva kwalokho, inqubo yokubhalisa yebhizinisi ngabanye kuphela kusiza futhi olwesimanje. In parallel hlelwa kabusha Kwakuseshwa, ezihlobene intela (zamisa ikhodi entsha intela).

Ibhizinisi uhulumeni

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi yamuva 2011 kwathiwa umongameli we-Asia Ephakathi-republic Islam Karimov "Unyaka ka ibhizinisi elincane nezamabhizinisi yangasese." Ungqongqoshe umnotho Uzbekistan (manje lokhu okuthunyelwe kuhlala Saidova Galina Karimovna) egameni lomuntu lokuthoma okufakiwe kuze kube uhulumeni uhlelo izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze ihehe ukutshalwa kwezimali entsha futhi ukuvela imisebenzi emisha. Ikakhulukazi, isabelomali ukunikeza umuntu credit imigqa ngenxa amaphrojekthi evelele kunazo futhi imizamo ibhizinisi elincane kuleli zwe.

Uhlelo ahlukene usebenza emkhakheni kohwebo lwezolimo. State co-ngezimali izindlu ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni Uzbekistan. Kakade wedwa le ingqalasizinda kuyinto evundile okungamila ukuqhubeka ibhizinisi. Growing ukuhweba iimfesi, wemisebenzi, ibhizinisi lomndeni. Ababoleka imali, abalimi uthole impatho ekhethekile e abolekise kanye nokuxhasa ezidingekile ekwenziweni kwamaphrojekthi yangasese.

Ngokusho isimo "Uhlelo ukuthuthukiswa ezindaweni zasemakhaya" kukhona izinkampani ezincane zasemakhaya nokwakhiwa. Abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi eyodwa amafemu ezinjalo banikeza imisebenzi ngamashumi amane amawaka, ngoba abakhi onekhono. Ukuze Uzbekistan, kanye namanye amazwe iyaguquka, kubalulekile ukwakha sokuncintisana kuzo zonke izindawo, ukuze uqhubeke ukumaketha ngokwalo belingenakukwazi ukuyiqukatha alawule ngokwabo.

ibhizinisi elincane kuthinta umsebenzi hhayi kuphela, kodwa nezalo lonke isimo nomphakathi isimo. ukuthuthukiswa kohwebo kuphela kwenza isebenze kahle kwabantu zabasebenzi imithombo. Ukhuthaza inhlalakahle kanye nokuzethemba emphakathini esikhathini esizayo futhi ungamandla ebalulekile ukushayela eqondisa lizwe maqondana intuthuko.

Impumelelo noma uyisehluleki?

Omunye ubuthakathaka ayisihluthulelo emnothweni yesimanje-Uzbekistan kwencika yayo okusanhlamvu ukungeniswa. ukukhiqizwa Domestic ihlanganisa kuphela kwengxenye yesine ukufuneka Imininingwane kule nsiza. Ikhipha emnothweni republic simi ngale ndlela: ezolimo inikeza 17% we-GDP, emkhakheni service - 50%, umkhakha - 25%.

Isimo Uzbekistan phesheya ujwayelene komphakathi weentjhabatjhaba kunalokho ezingabalulekile. Leli zwe avaliwe Imininingwane isikhala. Ezicashile isimiso sezomnotho yaziwa nguwe kuphela zokuhlunga ezinzima ulwazi isikhulu sikahulumeni. Ngokuvamile, isimo kobushiqela umbuso Uzbekistan kubonakala emnothweni uqobo. Kuyinto impikiswano, uma kuphela ngoba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba emakethe eba, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, Uzizwa ecindezeleka iziphathimandla izama ukulawula umkhakha yalo ebaluleke kakhulu.