Uyini ifasitela lokuzula - amaqiniso zomlando umbono wamanje

Uyini ifasitela lokuzula - Imininingwane eklanyelwe hhayi kuphela ukuhlangabezana isifiso sokuthola ulwazi umfundi into eziyibonayo, kodwa futhi unalo ngokoqobo kubantu ogama imisebenzi axhunyiwe nge isidingo okuqonda nokucutshungulwa umthamo omkhulu umbhalo okhulunyiwe.

preconditions komlando ngekuhlanganisa

ABC, elisungulwe wangekhulu lesi-9 ku-oda we uMbusi waseByzantium abazalwane uCyril noMethodius, ukuba usetshenziselwe ukuhunyushwa lesiGreki izincwadi zenkolo ku lwesiSlavic. Kodwa esengqondweni iyacaca futhi kalula ukusetshenziswa Cyrillic zamagama izinhlelo uphawu nomthelela yokwanda okusheshayo futhi ebanzi Slavic lesibhalwako Ulimi futhi ulisebenzise hhayi kuphela emkhakheni yenkolo, kodwa futhi amakhaya kanye namabhizinisi ezingeni.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu 10th Slavic zamagama zaqala ukusetshenziswa ensimini ka Old isimo Russian njengoba ulimi isonto. ulimi isiSlavonic Esidala kancane kancane Ushintshe bedle eMpumalanga Slavic Enkulumweni eyayivame, owanikhipha izakhi ezintsha kukho.

imibhalo yesandla esekhona baye bavumela ososayensi umkhondo ukuvela uphawu ukubonisa Cyrillic. Izigaba lasendulo ifonti ukulungiswa zihlanganisa incwadi lomthetho (imibhalo yesandla eminingi yasendulo esukela emuva Ngekhulu le-11), lulwimi ngofeleba, isetshenziswa kusukela ngekhulu le-14 futhi waba yisibonelo umbhalo izincwadi zokuqala ezinyathelisiwe eRussia, futhi ngekuhlanganisa, eyabonakala cishe ngasikhathi sinye nge halfuncial.

Izigaba ukuthuthukiswa Russian ngekuhlanganisa uhlelo

Old ngekuhlanganisa Russian kwavela njengoba esibalulekile incwadi yebhizinisi, kodwa pretty ngokushesha yazuza ukusetshenziswa okubanzi. Kuyini ngekuhlanganisa, kwakwaziwa umphakathi, futhi lalisetshenziswa zonke izici zokuphila.

Ukuze ubudala 16-17 ngekuhlanganisa kuba cishe ezimele futhi yakha hlobo lombhalo, ezinye izakhi zazo akukashintshi esikhathini sethu.

Izibonakaliso eyinhloko ngekuhlanganisa

Okutshekile kwadingeka eziningi izici zayo. Umehluko omkhulu kwezinye izinhlobo izincwadi ezindala isiRashiya kwakuwulimi uzoshiywa pheze ephelele geometricity uphawula yokuncishiswa enkulu yakudala izincwadi ngokubhala, lula nesivinini isithombe. Ifomu abalingiswa ezahlukene babanjwa, nhlobonhlobo ngokubhala izincwadi usonhlamvukazi kanye ezincane, isitayela bandile imivimbo, loops, izandiso ukuthi uhambe ngalé umugqa, kukhona ngokwengxenye ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho izincwadi.

Isifiso ukusheshisa le nqubo lokubhala uye zenza ukuba kancane kancane inkululeko enkudlwana futhi kalula lettering, ukubukeka ukuhlukahluka izithombe zabo (wesandla) Fusion lokubhala imigqa.

ngekuhlanganisa civil

Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-18 iphela ngekuhlanganisa ukwakha ngokuthi mlando ubudala Russian. Isigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthuka yokuloba ngekuhlanganisa eRussia, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi civil. It libhekene yokuncishiswa futhi proportionality mark, ukuqedwa ezinye izakhi, efundeka ngaphezulu.

I kabusha ngofaka uPetru mina ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, wanyamalala zamagama-10 izincwadi futhi kwakukhona entsha 4 (E, E, Q, R), izimpawu diacritical baye kukhanselwe. Kube isipelingi ahlukene emagama nemisho, uhlelo ithuthukiswe Kwabiwa ka ngosonhlamvukazi.

Ukuvela izinhlamvu elula kakhudlwana, elula futhi kuyaqondakala nomthelela elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo Russian, ukufunda nokubhala kanye nokufunda. Asetshenziswa civil ngekuhlanganisa ifonti isetshenziswa ngokunyathelisa izincwadi uhlamvu wokuziphilisa, amaphepha isayensi, imiqulu kahulumeni, uhlu lwezikhalazo.

Esikhathini ukuqhubeka ithonya civil ngekuhlanganisa kuthinta Latin ohlelweni lokubhala. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, kwakhiwa ngekuhlanganisa okuyinto ifonti isetshenziswa ne ushintsho esincane noma abangenaso nhlobo isikhathi sethu.

Kuyini ifasitela lokuzula namuhla

Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene phansi isivinini, ngokusekelwe ukusetshenziswa izifinyezo amarekhodi izinhlelo - nema, izifinyezo, nema. Stenography, ifasitela lokuzula, semantografiya, amanothi - izindlela yokuloba ngesivinini esikhulu, ngokubhala ngendlela ehlukile ukuze abhalele, usebenzisa izinhlelo ezithile uphawu, injongo.

translation ngekuhlanganisa

Ngokuphathelene umbuzo translation, okungukuthi ngekuhlanganisa, ingenye oyinhloko ukuhumusha abafanelekayo, ngokuyinhloko ngomlomo elandelanayo.

Ngokungafani ifasitela lokuzula, empeleni irekhodi izwi nezwi noma ukuthatha amanothi esekelwe lokubhala encishisiwe phansi yokuthi main, ngekuhlanganisa translation izenzo, eqinisweni, inkumbulo asizayo kusho, isenzo ephumelelayo for nokugcinwa umbhalo ngaphandle umthwalo obalulekile. It ikuvumela ukunciphisa ukulahleka kolwazi uma udlulisa imali enkulu yemilayezo ngamazwi. Okutshekile asetshenziswe translation, akuyona nenkanuko edlulele elula yombhalo, futhi kuhambisana nencazelo subjective ukwehlukanisa uthumele imiyalezo ukhiye ulwazi.

indlela Basics

izimiso eziyisisekelo futhi izindlela lapho jikelele translation ngekuhlanganisa zihlanganisa kukhetfwa kwemagama nencazelo enkulu, zesistimu ezithile ngokurekhoda uloba ngaphandle yonkamisa phakathi amazwi, nongwaqa double, ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu esikhundleni izinhlamvu zokubhala izingongolo semantic.

I lula kanye nokwethulwa ngokuyiko kwezinhlelo abalingiswa isivinini ukope, ukuzwakala, ikhono ukugxila okuqukethwe umbhalo esiteji okuqonda. umhumushi ngalinye enquma kukhethwa izinhlamvu bona bebodwa, ngokuvamile usebenzisa izimpawu zabo okungezona namalimi wemiphakathi.

Kuze kube manje, ukusetshenziswa kohlelo ngesivinini ukurekhodwa kancane kancane ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo ngenxa ekusungulweni kobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa. Noma kunjalo, labo abahlanganyela emisebenzini translation, wazi ukuthi ngokufishanisa ezinjalo, kuyinto isiqinisekiso bomsebenzi wabo.