Ukuvela yezenhlalakahle yomuntu: Ngemva kokucabangela lezi zici nokufeza

Kunzima ukusho lapho ngiqala kwaphakamisa umbuzo ka ukuvela kumiswa indoda. Nesithakazelo lolu daba njengoba ongqondongqondo yamandulo, nabantu abaphila manje. Njengoba umphakathi okhula ngayo? Kungenzeka yini ukugqamisa imigomo ethile kanye iingaba zekambiso?

Umphakathi njengendlela eyodwa

Njalo ophilayo emhlabeni umzimba elehlukile, libhekene izigaba ezithile ukuthuthukiswa, isb lokuzalwa, ukukhula kanye nokufa. Nokho, akudingeki sodvwa. eziphilayo abaningi bathambekele emacembu, lapho zihlangana futhi kuthinte komunye nomunye.

Man - iyathinteka. Ukuhlanganiswa ngesisekelo ezijayelekileko, izithakazelo kanye imisebenzi, abantu bakha umphakathi. Ngaphakathi kuwo yakha amasiko athile, imithetho, izisekelo. Ngokuvamile, kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi basuke esihlobene futhi bancike komunye nomunye. Ngakho, sibangelwa iyonke.

kwemvelo Social kusho eqa, ukwedlulela umphakathi ezingeni elisha. Izinguquko ukuziphatha namagugu ngabanye ngobulili nasezinhlotsheni idluliselwe lonke wonke umphakathi ngesimo iziqondiso. Ngakho, labantu lihamba elisuka esiteji-United, kusukela ukuqoqela entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe, nokunye. D.

kwemvelo Social: imfundiso yokuziphendukela lokuqala

Uhlobo kanye amaphetheni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo social njalo ngokuhunyushwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngisho e sefilosofi XIV ekhulwini Ibn Khaldun kwaba nombono wokuthi umphakathi ethuthuka kahle njengomuntu ngamunye. Ekuqaleni, umuntu engazalwa, kulandele ukukhula ashukumisayo, izimbali. Bese kufika ukwehla nokufa.

Kulesi sikhathi samanje lapho imfundo omunye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma main kwaba isimiso 'izindaba stadial' yomphakathi. ongqondongqondo Scottish waveza umbono wokuthi umphakathi ophakamayo ngezigaba ezine kuyaqhubeka:

• ukuhlangana nokuzingela,
• pastoralism futhi nomadism,
• ukulima kanye nezolimo,
• ukuhweba.

Ekhulwini XIX eYurophu kukhona kuqala umqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. incazelo yaleli gama igama lesiLatini elisho "ukuthunyelwa". Kuyinto mbono zavela kancane kancane amafomu ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ziyehlukahluka sokuphila umzimba unicellular ngokusebenzisa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ngo inzalo yayo.

Umqondo ukwakheka eziyinkimbinkimbi kusukela elula abelethwe zezenhlalo nezazi zefilosofi, ucabangela lo mbono kuze kube manje futhi ekukhuleni komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu oyisazi Lewis Morgan zihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu zabantu basendulo: savagery, ubuqaba nempucuko.

kwemvelo Social ibonwa njenge- nqubekela kumiswa zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kuyinto esigabeni esilandelayo ngemuva ukubonakala Homo sapiens. Ngakho, uLester Lesigceme wamphathela isinyathelo yemvelo ekuthuthukeni kwezimakethe zomhlaba wethu emva cosmogenesis futhi biogenesis.

Man njengoba umkhiqizo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi nomphakathi

Evolution kuye kwaholela ukuvela zonke izinhlobo kanye labantu izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kodwa kungani abantu baye bathuthela ngalé abanye? Iqiniso lokuthi parallel izinguquko bokuphila wasebenza futhi izici zezenhlalo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Izinyathelo zokuqala ekufezeni komphakathi ayinankinga womuntu futhi kwenkawu, ngiphakamisa amathuluzi. Kancane kancane amakhono ngayo iye yathuthuka futhi kakade iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili edlule, kukhona indoda Ukugunda, ngubani ngenkuthalo usebenzisa amathuluzi empilweni yakho.

Nokho, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela bebeletha indima ebalulekile ayisekelwa yi isayensi yesimanje. Lokhu isici wenza ngokuhlanganyela nabanye, ezifana umcabango, inkulumo, inhlangano nezimbuzi nokomhlambi wezinkomo, bese emphakathini. Kakade eminyakeni million kubonakala Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba - owandulela Homo sapiens. Akazange nje isebenzisa kodwa futhi ukhiqiza amathuluzi, ubasa umlilo, upheka ukudla usebenzisa inkulumo lasekuqaleni.

Indima umphakathi namasiko ukuvela

Nezinye eziyizigidi edlule, kwemvelo kanye nomphakathi yomuntu senzeka ngokulinganisa. Nokho, iminyaka eyinkulungwane 40 edlule, ushintsho begazi kancane ijubane lakho. Cro-Magnons musa ihluke kithi ngokubonakala yabo. Njengoba imvelaphi yabo zidlala indima izici ezibalulekile zenhlalo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Omunye umbono uhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu oyinhloko intuthuko emphakathini. Eyokuqala libhekene ukubukeka art ngesimo idwala imidwebo. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukufuywa futhi ezifanelekayo ukufuya izilwane, kanye nokuqashwa kwezolimo kanye apiculture. Isigaba sesithathu iyona inkathi entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe nezinto ngokwesayensi. Luqala ngokunikela ngekhulu xv futhi lusaqhubeka.

Nge umuntu omusha ngamunye kwandisa isikhathi lokulawula yayo kanye nethonya ku imvelo. zimiso eziyisisekelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaDarwin, zibuye zigwenywe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, edlala indima ebalulekile i-"ufune" abantu ababuthakathaka, akuyona nethonya elingaka. Ngenxa yentuthuko kwezokuhlolwa bezokwelapha nabanye umuntu obuthaka angazinikela lisaphila a emphakathini wanamuhla.

Imfundiso classical yentuthuko

Kanyekanye imisebenzi Lamarck futhi Darwin ngemvelaphi yokuphila ivela evolutionism theory. Eshukunyiswa umqondo ngcono okuqhubekayo futhi intuthuko kwezinhlobo zokuphila, ongqondongqondo European akholelwa ukuthi ukhona ifomula elilodwa okwenzeka kwemvelo yezenhlalakahle yomuntu.

Omunye wabantu bokuqala ukubeka phambili imibono eyayisinesikhathi yabo Ogyust Kont. Uveza zenkolo (bakudala, aphansi), elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo futhi omuhle (ngokwesayensi, eliphakeme) komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane wengqondo sengqondo.

Abasekeli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela yakudala futhi Spencer, Durkheim, Lesigceme, Morgan futhi Tennis. Imibono yabo iyehlukana, kodwa kukhona abanye imithetho jikelele, okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela:

• Humanity livela yomkhakha owodwa, futhi izinguquko zalo kukhona yemvelo kanye kudingekile;
• kwemvelo yomphakathi kwenzeka kuphela kusukela bakudala kuya othuthuke kangcono, futhi izinyathelo zayo kungukuthi okuphindaphindiwe;
• wonke amasiko ayakhula umugqa jikelele, okuyinto izigaba kangakanani konke okufanayo;
• abantu lwasekuqaleni ngezinye esigabeni esilandelayo bokuziphendukela kwemvelo, bayehluleka ingasetshenziswa ukufunda umphakathi lasekuqaleni.

Ukuphikisa eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma classical

izinkolelo zothando mayelana ngcono tle emphakathini ukuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. zinhlekelele Umhlaba nezimpi ophoqelelwe ososayensi ukuba sicabangele ukuthi kwenzekani. Umqondo intuthuko eyengeziwe ibonwa abakwethembi. Umlando wesintu libonakala ayisekho lwento, kodwa cyclical.

Imibono Oswald Spengler, Arnolda Toynbi khona kwenanela ifilosofi Ibn Khaldun izigaba aphindaphindwe ukuphila impucuko. Ngokuvamile, laba ukuhlonza ezine:

• lokuzalwa
• vuka,
• ukuvuthwa
• ukufa.

Ngakho, Spengler babekholelwa ukuthi kuthatha iminyaka engaba ngu-1000 kusuka ekuzalweni kuya ukubola kwamasiko. Lev Gumilyov wababela iminyaka 1,200. impucuko yaseNtshonalanga ubhekwa eduze nokwehla zemvelo. Amalungu izikole "silahle ithemba 'nabo babebulawa Franz Boas, uMargaret Mead, Pitirim Sorokin, Vilfredo Pareto , nokunye. D.

Neoevolutionism

Man njengoba siwumkhiqizo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo yezenhlalakahle waphinda livela ifilosofi kwesigamu XX nekhulu lesibili leminyaka. Ehlome ngamathuluzi okuthola ubufakazi besayensi futhi ubufakazi ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu, umlando, ethnography, Lesli Uayt futhi Dzhulian Styuard ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela neo-evolutionism.

Umqondo omusha kwezici komugqa classical, isebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi futhi imodeli multi-line. ososayensi wenqabe elithi "intuthuko" mqondo yayo. Kukholakala ukuthi isiko akusho nigxumagxume ekuthuthukisweni, kodwa ngake xaka kuqhathaniswa yangaphambilini ukuma ushintsho inqubo kwenzeka kahle.

Umsunguli Lesli Uayt theory indima enkulu kwemvelo yezenhlalakahle kususa isiko, ethula ithuluzi yayo esiyinhloko lithathelwe womuntu ukuze imvelo. Uletha umqondo wamandla, owawuthi ubungako bamandla iyakhiwa nge ukuthuthukisa isiko. Ngakho, ekhuluma izigaba ezintathu ekukhuleni komphakathi: ezolimo, amafutha kanye Fusion.

Postidustrialnaya nolwazi theory

Kanye nezinye imiqondo ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, kukhona umbono emphakathini post-ezimbonini. Izinhlinzeko main kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kungabonakala imisebenzi Bell, Toffler futhi Brzezinski. Daniel Bell inike izitshalo ezintathu kumiswa isinyathelo, okuhambelana izinga elithile ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukukhiqizwa (bheka. Ithebula).

isigaba Postindustrial isebenza kubo bonke XIX leminyaka kanye kwesigamu XX yesibili. Ngokusho Bell, sici yayo oyinhloko ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila, nokuncipha yokwanda kwenani labantu nokukhuphuka okuzala. Indima ulwazi nesayense iyakhula. Umnotho egxile ukwenziwa amasevisi kanye nokuxhumana phakathi komuntu nomuntu.

Njengoba ezinwetshiwe lo mbono kukhona umcabango we umphakathi ulwazi, oyingxenye kuqala inkathi yangemva ezimbonini. "Infosphere" ngokuvamile ivelele njengemboni ebhekelele kwezomnotho ehlukile, displacing ngisho emkhakheni wemisebenzi.

Ukuze umphakathi ukwaziswa libhekene i infospetsialistov ukwanda, wokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo okuhle komsakazo, ithelevishini nezinye abezindaba. Nangemiphumela engaba khona ukuthuthukiswa elingalodwa ulwazi isikhala ezivamile, ukuvela e-intando yeningi, uhulumeni kanye isimo, ukunyamalala ephelele ubuphofu.

isiphetho

kwemvelo Social yinqubo sokuguqulwa nokwakhiwa kabusha umphakathi lapho kushintsha qualitatively, futhi ihluke kanjani ifomu odlule. Kukhona ifomula jikelele kule nqubo. Njengakuwo wonke Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukubukwa zezazi nososayensi ungavumelani.

ithiyori ngayinye has izici zayo siqu kanye umehluko, kodwa singabona ukuthi zonke zibe zithwala ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• umlando mpilo esintu kuyinto cyclical, ziya izigaba eziningana, kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kube sekufeni;
• Humanity ivela nafomu elula neliphelele kunalelo, ekuthuthukiseni njalo;
• ukuthuthukiswa umphakathi kuwumphumela lithathelwe imvelo yangaphandle, ke kuyehluka ngenxa yoshintsho imithombo, futhi ngokuzikhethela konke kwakuphakeme ifomu odlule.