Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo nomphakathi? Umqondo wokuthuthukiswa komphakathi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Umphakathi awukaze ume. Ngakho-ke, izazi zezenhlalakahle zama-eras ahlukahlukene nezikole zesayensi ziye zazama ngendlela yazo ukuqonda imithetho ehamba ngayo. Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kwamaphuzu amabili okubukwa kwe-polar: ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

I-Theory kaSpencer

Isazi sezenhlalo kanye nesazi sefilosofi uHerbert Spencer wafunda izici eziningi zokuphila komphakathi. Ngokuyinhloko, nguye owachaza ngokuningiliziwe lezo zinqubo ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo yomphakathi. Incwadi yakhe eyinhloko, Izimiso Eziyisisekelo, yabhalwa ngo-1862. Kulo, uSpencer wahlanganisa izinto ezinjalo njengezimiso zokungeneleli kombuso nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngibonga umbhali, abahlala naye bafunda okuningi mayelana nenkolelo yentuthuko.

Ukucaphuna okushiwo nguSpencer, umuntu angasho ukuthi, yimuphi umehluko phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo nomphakathi. Okokuqala, izinga lokungenelela kombuso emiphakathini yabantu. Uma kungencane, khona-ke kunenqubo yokuhlukanisa. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesistimu eyodwa eyinkimbinkimbi kuya ezincane ezincane. Izingxenye ezintsha zithola imisebenzi ehlukene kusukela kubandulela labo, okuzokwazi ukubhekana nazo kangcono. Ngakho umphakathi kancane kancane futhi uguquke ngokuthula, ngokuphumelelayo ngokwengeziwe usebenzisa izinsiza zawo.

Izici zokuhlukanisa

Inqubo yokwehlukanisa ingabangela ukuqoqwa ngokweqile kokungafani phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezahlukene zomphakathi. Lokhu kungabangela ukubola kwesistimu. Lesi simo esiyingozi siphikiswa ngokuhlanganiswa, okuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uSpencer empeleni wabikezela inkolelo yaseDarwin. Yakhiwe ngumsayense weNgisi eminyakeni embalwa emva kokushicilelwa "kwezimiso eziyisisekelo." USpencer naye wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwendawo yonke. Ubuye wachaza isimiso esibalulekile senqubo yomlando, ngokusho ukuthi iziphi izizwe ezihlukahlukene nezizukulwane ngezizukulwane zathuthela esiteshini esisha senqubekela phambili, zishiya izinhlawulo zendabuko.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo nomphakathi? Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzeka ngokuthula noma empini. Lena umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili. Kunamanye amaphuzu abalulekile. Omunye wabo waqaphela isazi saseFrance u-Emile Durkheim. Lo mcwaningi, kanye noKarl Marx, uMax Weber no-Auguste Comte, kuthiwa uyinkulunkulu wesayensi yenhlalo yanamuhla.

I-Theory ye-Durkheim

I-Durkheim ikholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo komphakathi, ngokungafani nokuguquguquka, kuholela ekuhlukaneni kwemvelo kancane kancane kwemisebenzi. Isibonelo, lokhu kwakungumsuka we-capitalism eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Lona umehluko emkhatsini wokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo nokuguquguquka komphakathi.

Ngokusho kukaDurgeym, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezakhiwo zomphakathi. Imiphakathi elula ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezifanayo, ezifana nomunye nomunye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunemiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi enesimiso esicacile nesezinhlobonhlobo zedivaysi yabo. Kulesi simo, ngamunye wabo unezingxenye zawo ezincane, okuwumphumela wokuhlukanisa. Umehluko esakhiweni yilokho okuhlukanisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo nomphakathi. Uma kwenzeka ushintsho olubukhali, inqubekelaphambili iyayeka.

U-Emil Durkheim wabuye waveza izigaba eziningana ezihambisana nokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi, uma kulandela indlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Okokuqala, ubukhulu bombuso banda. Lokhu kuholela kwinani elikhulayo kanye nekhwalithi yobuhlobo bomphakathi. Bese kuqala inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, eqinisa ukuphikisana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene.

Isazi sezenhlalakahle saseJalimane uFerdinand Tennis wayengusosayensi wokuqala wokutadisha inqubekela phambili enhlalakahle ngesibonelo somlando. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Community and Society" wabonisa ukuguqulwa kweJalimane kusukela endleleni yendabuko kuya ebuhlotsheni banamuhla. I-Gradualism yilokho okuhlukanisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo nomphakathi.

I-Marxism

Ekhulwini le-XIX, iningi labantu bezenhlalakahle balandela imibono kaSpencer. Noma kunjalo, iphuzu elibukekayo nalo livele ngaleso sikhathi. Abasunguli bayo kwakunguKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels. Lezi zimpumputhe ezimbili zaseJalimane zaba ngabaxhasi be-revolution njengesixazululo sezinkinga eziphakathi kwe-strata ehlukene yabantu ngaphansi kwe-capitalist. UMarx waba umbhali we "Capital". Umsebenzi oqakathekileko ekugcineni waba yiBhayibheli ngezimiso ezihlukahlukene zokuhamba kwezombusazwe.

Umphumela wezinguquko

Ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo komphakathi kuhambisane nomunye nomunye, ngoba kuchaza izindlela ezahlukene zokuthuthuka. Emakhulwini angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye namashumi amabili, kwakukhona imibhikisho emikhulu ehlomile ehlose ukuvuselela umphakathi. Ezinye zazo zaphumelela futhi zaholela ekuwa kwe-oda elikhona.

Izindlela ezehlukene zokuthuthukiswa komphakathi (ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezinguquko) nazo zihlukile emiphumeleni. Intuthuko encane ixazulula kancane kancane lezo ziphikisana ezivela phakathi kwamakilasi omphakathi. I-revolution ibangela ukwesaba nokuhlukana okusheshayo kwamasiko amisiwe. Ekuqaleni, izindaba ezinjalo zazikhona kuphela emakhasini ezincwadi, kodwa izenzakalo emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala zibonisa ukuthi ziyigazi langempela kanye nobudlova.

Izigaba zokukhula komphakathi

Umqondo wanamuhla wezokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo nokuguquka komphakathi wakhula kancane kancane. Isizukulwane ngasinye sesososayensi esisha saletha okuthile okusha kulezi zindinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ekhulwini lama-20, i-American Walt Whitman Rostow ihlongoze igama elisha elithi "ukukhula kwesigaba". Kukhona amahlanu aphelele. Ngamunye wabo wabonisa isigaba esithile sokuthuthukiswa komphakathi.

Isigaba sokuqala ngumphakathi wendabuko. Isekelwe kwezolimo. Lona isimo se-inert, esingenakuguqulwa. Kusukela kulesi sigaba, ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo komphakathi kuyaqala. Ukubaluleka komphakathi wendabuko kuhle, ngoba kulesi sigaba ukuthi wonke amasiko alabo noma abantu abazalwa.

Isigaba sesibili sibonakala ngenkathi yokuguquka. Kulesi sigaba, umphakathi uqoqa izinsiza ezanele ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwawo. Inamba yokutshala izimali iyanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso uba phakathi (esikhathini esedlule, ama-feudalism ahamba).

Esigabeni sesithathu, ukuguqulwa kwezimboni kuqala , okubhekiswe ekuthuthukisweni kwamagatsha ahlukahlukene omnotho. Izindlela zokuguqulwa komkhiqizo, okwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwawo.

Industrial Society

Esikhathini sesine sigaba sokuqala okumele kuphakanyiswe ukuvela komphakathi wezimboni, okwakhiwa ekugcineni kwesigaba sokugcina sokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo. Ihlukaniswe uhlelo oluhlelekile nolunzima lokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, lapho wonke umuntu ehlanganyela emsebenzini wakhe ngokusho kwemfundo namakhono.

Ukukhiqizwa okukhulayo kukuvumela ukuba unikeze inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo ehluke kakhulu emakethe. Lokhu kuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yabantu. Ukukhiqizwa kungokwezikhathi ngosizo lokuzenzekelayo nokusebenza. Le nqubo iphela ngenguquko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Kunezinhlelo zokuxhumana zanamuhla ezithuthukisiwe (izimoto, njll). Abantu baba yinto ehamba phambili, futhi amadolobha awela esigabeni sokuhlala emadolobheni, lapho ingqalasizinda entsha yokuphila okunethezeka nokunethezeka ibonakala.

Umphakathi wezentengiselwano

Umqondo womphakathi wezimboni owavela ekuthuthukiseni kwemvelo komphakathi wawuthandwa kakhulu ngekhulu lama-20. Kodwa akuzange kube nokugcina. Ezinye izazi zezenhlalo (uZbigniew Brzezinski, u-Alvin Toffler) zihlongoze umqondo womphakathi wezentengiselwano ohambelana nomnotho wezwe wanamuhla.