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Hetman Ukraine futhi babamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuqambeni umlando

Cossacks - into eyingqayizivele e-Eastern Europe, okuyinto ayitholakali ikuphi emhlabeni. Cossacks Motherland - sifinyelela engezansi Dnieper. ukuqinisa amasosha Cossack - eziqhingini eMfuleni Ili le Sich wokuqala wawakhiwe khona.
Hetman babaziwa kude lé nemingcele yezwe labo. Mayelana yilawa Cossacks emzabalazweni yoMbuso WaseTurkey ukhunjulwa emazweni amaningi eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga Yurophu.

History of the Cossacks

lo mqondo "Cossack" akuyona Lokudabuka Slavic. It kungokwalabo Turkic futhi ulimi Turkish. It izindlela "umnakekeli", "khulula indoda." Eyokuqala izindaba mayelana Cossacks bahlehlela emuva ngekhulu le-15. Nokuncenga YaseCrimea Khan Lithuanian nkosana ngalaba bantu, ngubani ngomlomo Dnieper phakathi Kiev futhi Cherkassy sephulwe imikhumbi-Turkish.

Ngemva kwalokho, ngo-imibhalo kanye zemihla ngaphezulu uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi amaqembu Cossacks nenkani abaye baphila indlela yabo yokuphila. Inani lawo landa isikhathi ngasinye ngenxa "uhodnikov". Ngakho ngokuthi abantu bendawo bangabi yizigqila zewayini, ababengenawo ezweni yabo beyofuna ukuphila okungcono waqhubeka ezigqagqene asemaqeleni umhlaba strip Ukraine yesimanje.

Kamuva, bazitholela kuzodala isimo amabutho abo Zaporizhzhya. Leli gama ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi Cossacks ixazululwe ngoba Dnieper Rapids. Kwakulapho bakha ezivikelweni zabo walwa Tatar kuphangwa. Led by yabo Hetman.

Ukudalwa ngowokuqala Cossack Sich

Okokuqala Hetman (Cossack isikhulu) eyaziwa kahle. Lapho kudalwa ngowokuqala ezihambisana Usokhaya igama Prince Dmitry Vishnevetzkogo (1550-1563), okukhulunywa ngu isidlaliso temdzabu Baida. It is ukuthi wayevela emkhayeni naseVolyn abanikazi bamazwe aziwa.

Wabahlanganisela le Cossacks ngo-1553 iqembu lamadoda angu-300 waya Dnieper Rapids ngekudvonsisana ne AmaTatar, ngubani zicekele phansi izwe lawo futhi waqhubeka bay abakhileyo ezimbalwa izindawo umngcele.

Esiqhingini Little Khortytsya lokuqala Sich idaliwe. AmaTatar wazama izikhathi eziningana ukuthi uzosibhubhisa unomphela oluqinisayo. Baphumelela e 1557. Prince Vishnevetskii waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye i-Sich. Nokho, akazange ayeke belwa amaTartar.

Kokufa Hetman lokuqala ligubuzelwe ezinganekwaneni eziningi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lathunjwa amabutho Turkish e 1563 eMoldova. Wayiswa Istanbul (waseConstantinople), lapho abulawa khona. Wamiswa for the hook metal phezu kolwandle.

Ezinye izinganekwane bathi Biden Kwamhlaba umxhwele kakhulu le-Turkish Sultan futhi wammema ukuba ukuguqukela Islam ukuze ashade indodakazi futhi babe fighter engcono. Kodwa Cossacks wala esidlangalaleni edelelwa ukholo lwezindaba Sultan nomkhaya wakhe. Ngalesi hetman lokuqala Ukraine ke wabulawa.

Eyokuqala "usomqulu" Cossacks

Njengoba Cossacks anda ubukhulu kanye unenhlangano ekhethekile yezempi, kwaba ibe usongo olukhulu hhayi nje kuphela amaTartar ezayo, kodwa futhi umbuso Polish. Nguye ephethwe amazwe Ukraine ngemva kokungena ngemvume nge-Lithuanian ubukhulu Union of Lublin ngo-1569.

Ukuze ulawule lo amandla ezempi, kwakudingekile ukuba anqobe leli Cossacks ngokwabo. Umzamo wenza Zhigmont Agasti. Wanikela 300 Cossacks ukungena "Bhalisa" futhi uthole esivela enkosini imali for the service. Ehola Cossacks obhalisiwe kwaba hetman Ukraine. Nokho, leli nani iyingxenye encane labo abebecabanga le Zaporozhye Cossacks.

Inani Hetman e Zaporozhian

sokuqondisa nezombusazwe Sich baba ngekhulu le-16. Zonke amandla Cossack Hlela kwakungekaNkulunkulu Sich Rada. Njalo Cossack kwadingeka ilungelo lokuvota.

hetman Ukrainian

Ukuphathwa Zaporozhye Sech

Sich Rada

Ukwenza izinqubomgomo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, zimemezele impi, baphetha ukuthula, inkantolo belungisa wasebenza namanxusa amanye amazwe.

Getman (ataman)

Amasosha eliphakeme, zokuphatha, igunya zokwahlulela. Phakathi nempi, amandla akhe angenamkhawulo ngesikhathi sokuthula zonke izinqumo zakhe ziyavumelana Sich Rada.

Yegatsha umabhalane

Qondisa Sich chancellery, ukuxhumana zokubonisana kanye yonke imibhalo.

lo umahluleli wombutho wezempi

Inkantolo, ukukhishwa kwemithetho.

lixuku osavul

hetman Umsizi ezindabeni ezempi kanye nezokuphatha.

Kusukela etafuleni kuyacaca ukuthi wonke amandla ingeyamakhosi Sich Rada. Hetman Ukraine ayelinganiselwe izinqumo zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhundla sabo kwaba kobuholi, it is hhayi ngofuzo. Uma ataman ezidingekayo ekuphileni zingashintsha.

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke Hetman

Cossacks ikhona kusukela ngekhulu le-15. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi ekamu wakhethwa eziningi Hetman futhi ataman. Bonke wadlala indima emlandweni. Nokho, hetman elandelayo Ukraine kuyizinto edume kunazo zonke.

Uhlu uvezwa ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo kahulumeni yabo:

  1. Dmitry Vishnevetskii (Bayda).
  2. Petro Konashevich (Sahaidachny).
  3. Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
  4. Ivan Mazepa.
  5. Kirill Razumovsky.

Ngamunye wabo kufanele uyinikele incwadi ehlukile. Ohlwini lokuqala omele eshiwo ngenhla.

Petro Konashevich (1614-1622)

Igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa ngenkathi imikhankaso nobuqhawe Cossacks ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Cossacks wenza kuphangwa eziningi zasolwandle ku emikhunjini-Turkish. Bona bekhululiwe iziboshwa wabaphangi ethumba isitsha.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi uPetru wazalelwa edolobhaneni Konashevich Kulchytsi (yesimanje saseLviv) emkhayeni elincane Umninindawo Ukraine. Wathola imfundo lakhe Lase-Ostrog Academy kanye Lviv Ubuzalwane esikoleni.

Wakhe isidlaliso lihlotshaniswa igama umnsalo futhi umgodla somcibisholo - Sagaidak. Ngenxa amakhono ukudubula ngokuqondile kusukela umnsalo wabizwa Sagaidachnyi.

Ukunqoba Impi Khotyn 1621 baletha Hetman inkazimulo ukufa. Le mpi isinqumo ngomphumela impi Turkish-Polish. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lalibonisa ukuthi ukunqotshwa amabutho WaseTurkey angase abambe futhi ayeke okwengeziwe European uthi Islamic emhlabeni. Ethukuthele yi janissary ukunqotshwa wabulala Sultan siqu, okuholela ukwehla okunye yoMbuso WaseTurkey.

Belimele kabi yena, wafa kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ekhatsi Kiev, njengoba hetman enkulu ye-Ukraine. Sagaidachnyi impahla yakhe yonke phakathi komkakhe izikole udade.

Bogdan Hmelnitsky (1648-1657)

Wazalelwa 1595 emkhayeni ka Cossack yekhulu. Wathatha iqhaza empini Turkish-Polish. It owabulawa uyise. Kulaba Khmelnitsky-Turks esibanjiwe wathumela eConstantinople, lapho afike achitha khona iminyaka emibili besekuthunjweni.

Ngemva eziningi eziyimpumelelo imikhankaso asolwandle ngokumelene abaseTurkey, wamiswa yekhulu. Bohdan Khmelnytsky kanye Cossacks waba nengxenye nempi yaseSpain ohlangothini France e 1646. inqaba Dunkirk sathathwa ngenxa yabo.

Khmelnitsky nguye owavusa iNkosi wenkululeko kuvukela yamazwe Ukrainian ngokumelene omnipotence Polish, olwaluhlanganisa zonke izingxenye sabantu kazwelonke. It yadalwa Cossack isimo, okwaholela inqubomgomo angaphandle emazweni amaningi. Ngo inqubomgomo Hetman wafuna umbimbi kusuka ezinhlangothini ezahlukene: phakathi YaseCrimea Khanate, Muscovy, emazweni Europe. ekukhetheni kwaKhe, wayeka ku ngokubambisana neNhlangano eRussia, okuyinto sivunyiwe lonke ibutho Zaporozhye ku Pereiaslav Rada.

Bohdan Khmelnytsky washona ngo-1657. Ngemva kwalokho, emazweni Ukrainian kwaqala inkathi ka Amanxiwa (incithakalo). Hetman, njengazo zonke emazweni Ukrainian izohlukaniswa phakathi Poland neRussia Ilungelo Bank kanye Kwesokunxele ngokulandelana. Ngo ngayinye izingxenye hetman zabo abakhethiweyo bakwa-Ukraine. abaholi ohlwini Cossack kusukela kulesi sikhathi kabili.

Ivan Mazepa (1687-1708)

Isibalo impikiswano kakhulu phakathi ka Hetman Ivan Mazepa kuyinto. Ingqondo yakhe, imfundo, nekhono lokusebenzisa ngobuhlakani abantu wamvumela ukuba Hetman ka Left Bank Ukraine iminyaka engaphezu kuka-20.

Yazalwa ngo-1639, athola imfundo enhle, wayesemsebenzini inkonzo inkosi yasePoland, kamuva Kwesokudla Bank Ukraine Hetman Petro Doroshenko. Phakathi imfuno, waboshwa futhi zadluliselwa siboshwa Levoberezhny hetman, kodwa ihlulekile ukuthola ukusizakala kule ndawo entsha.

Wathola lulwimi ezivamile uPeter Omkhulu, etholakele kuye isipho komhlaba nguye nabantu abacebe kunabo bonke e-Europe. A imali eningi, wanikela ngengxenye ekuthuthukiseni imfundo, ukwakhiwa Orthodox. Isitayela zalezi zakhiwo ekugcineni azithwele mazepevskomu noma Cossack Baroque.

Phakathi ukugqashuka kweMpi Enkulu-Northern neMpi , Ivan Mazepa (Hetman Ukraine) uya ohlangothini Sweden. Nokho, akazange uthole ukusekelwa yibo bonke Cossacks futhi yahlulwa Battle of Poltava e 1709. Kanye-Swedish King Karl Mazepa wabalekela Moldova, lapho afela khona ngo lowo nyaka eneminyaka engu-70 eminyaka.

isenzo sakhe e kwamaSoviet sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi kuphela njengoba ukungathembeki komuntu oshade naye. izazi-mlando zanamuhla Ukrainian bathambekele ukuthi Ivan Mazepa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, bavikele izithakazelo zabo siqu futhi Hetman.

Kirill Razumovsky (1750-1764)

Kugcine hetman Ukraine - Kirill Razumovsky. Wayengumuntu nje njengathi sonke abafundile abasha, owamiswa ukuphatha Hetmanate engu-22 ubudala. Kukhethwa kwakubangelwa yokuthi umfowabo omdala Alex kuyinto Intandokazi Russian Empress Elizabeth.

Wayengafani le ataman ubudala futhi iningi isikhathi esichithwa Petersburg. Nokho, wokubusa kwakhe ubhekwa le "yasekwindla osemqoka" Hetman.

Njengoba sekunama-uCatherine II, konke izinguquko, futhi 1764 lo Hetman lokugcina Ukraine sazilahla Mace. Ingxenye kwezinhloko zamaviyo Cossack baba Cossacks kweqiniso, futhi kamuva woLwandle Olumnyama, futhi kamuva Kuban Cossack ibutho. Labo akazange athumele, wathatha ohlangothini sultan Turkish futhi wasungula Danubian Sich.

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