U-Ivan Mazepa uyiqhawe lesizwe noma umthengisi. I-portrait yomlando

U-Ivan Mazepa ungomunye wamaHetman awaziwayo kakhulu eCossack Ukraine. Emlandweni, washiya umkhondo njengomuntu wezombangazwe owalwela ukuzibusa kwakhe. Ngonyaka ka-2009, i-Order of Mazepa yasungulwa e-Ukraine, inikezwa ngokufanele emisebenzini yezwe, ukusiza kanye nokwakhiwa kombuso.

Umlingani we-Ivan Mazepa

U-Mazepa Ivan Stepanovich wazalwa ngo-Mashi 20, 1640, eminye imithombo ithi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva epulazini laseKamentsy, kamuva yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Mazepintsy, eduze ne-White Church. Ingane yayinzalo ye-gentry yase-Ukraine. Umama kaMariya uMary Magdalene wayengowesifazane ohlonishwayo, ofundiswe ngemibono yakhe yezombangazwe. Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe wayengumeluleki wendodana yakhe. Iminyaka engu-13 yokugcina yokuphila kwakungu-Abbess we-Monastery ye-Kiev-Pechersky.

Ubaba u-Ivan Stepan-Adam Mazepa ubambe isikhundla phakathi kwe-hetman Vyhovsky.

Imfundo:

Kusukela ebuntwaneni u-Ivan Mazepa wathola imfundo enhle kakhulu. Ezindaweni zikayise, wafunda ukugibela nokudlala ukudla, wafunda isayensi ehlukahlukene. Waba umfundi weKholeji yaseKiey-Mohyla. Umfundi onethalente uthanda imisebenzi yamafilosofi aseRoma nabamaGreki, athola izincwadi eziseYurophu, ukhuluma izilimi eziningi ezingaphandle.

Ekupheleni kwezifundo zakhe, uyise uthumela u-Ivan olimini lwesiPolish. Enkantolo, u-Ivan Mazepa ubonisa ukuthi ungumfundisi othembekile, othembisayo. Uthunyelwa ukuthola imfundo ephakeme emanyuvesi aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Phakathi neminyaka yokufunda wakwazi ukuvakashela e-Italy, eFrance eJalimane naseHolland.

I-hetman yase-Ukraine ezayo yathandeka abantu ekuboneni kuqala. Akukhona nje kuphela amandla omcabango wakhe, kodwa izinkulumo ezihlabayo kanye nezimfanelo zangaphandle kwakuyikhadi lakhe lamacilongo ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwezinga lomsebenzi.

Isimo e-Ukraine

U-Ivan Mazepa, ongu-biography wakhe ugcwele ukungalungi, uye wahamba ngendlela ephezulu ekusebenzeni kwakhe kwezombusazwe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, i-Cossack e-Ukraine yayingajabuli izinsuku zayo ezinhle kakhulu. Amazwe angumbuso we-hetman ezintathu, abaqondiswa yizinkampani ezahlukene zenqubomgomo zangaphandle.

UPeter Doroshenko wayengumvikela we-Turkish Sultan, owayenesithakazelo sakhe sezombangazwe kule ndawo.

U-Hetman Samoilovich wayenepro-Russian.

U-Ivan Mazepa, ngokweminye imithombo, ukhululwe enkantolo ukuze aphikisane nabalingani bakhe, kwabanye - ngokuxhumana ne-pannoy eshadile. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1664 uJan Kazimir wathumela amasosha e- Left Bank yase-Ukraine, u- Mazepa washiya isidumbu waya emzaneni wakubo kababa.

Ngomnyaka ka-1665, emva kokufa kukayise, u-Ivan Mazepa wabeka isikhundla sakhe waba yisigodi saseChernachivsky.

Ephupha umsebenzi wezombangazwe, ushada nomfelokazi ocebile u-Anna Fridrikevich, osanda kufa futhi ushiya uxhumano olukhulu noluncedo. Ubaba wePovets Semyon Polovets, njengoba eyimpahla ejwayelekile, uvikela umkhwenyana wakhe futhi uhlela ukuba akhonze ku-hetman Doroshenko. Ngaphansi kwe-hetman "yaseTurkey", u-Mazepa othembekile futhi oqili uba yinqopho yebutho lempi futhi kamuva unobhala.

Ngo-1674, uDoroshenko uthumela i-Mazepa eCrimean Khanate naseTurkey. Njengethulo, i-sultan idlulisela izigqila-i-Cossacks yasebhange eshiya. E-Crimea iphulwe ngu-Ivan Sirko, kodwa ayiyikuyibulala, kodwa idlula eSamoilovich. Isipho sokukhohlisa abantu sisebenze, imithombo ethile ithi inkulumo yomlilo ka-Mazepa isilondolozile impilo yakhe.

U-Ivan Mazepa, owaziwa ngegama lakhe eligcwele ukuphenduka okubukhali, waqala ukukhathalela abantwana be-hetman yaseBobhi Left, futhi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile inkonzo yakhe ethembekile yamiswa njengomphathi. I-Samoilovich ivame ukuthumela i-Mazepa eRussia, lapho yathola khona isikhulu seTrans Golitsyn esithandayo.

I-Hetmanate

NgoJulayi 1687 Mazepa, ngokubamba iqhaza kwabanikazi bakhe, wakhethwa i-hetman ye-Left Bank yase-Ukraine, kanti uSoilovich, owayengumengameli wakhe, kanye nezihlobo zakhe kanye nezihlobo zakhe, wathunyelwa eSiberia.

Eminye imithombo ithi i-Mazepa ibanjwe ngosizo lwe-Golitsyn, abanye bayaphikisa leli qiniso.

Nokho, ngo-1689, lapho uPetru osemusha engena esihlalweni sobukhosi saseRussia, ubungane obuseduze bubekwa phakathi kwabo. U-hetman onolwazi wanikeza ubuhle obusha ngobuhle emiphakathini yamazwe angaphandle nePoland.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Ukraine yayingenandaba. Ngo-1690 kwaqala ukuvukela kukaPetrik. I-Mazepa, ngokuthembela ebuthweni lakhe kanye nosizo lukaPetru, wamcindezela ngesihluku. Abaningi ababephila ngesikhathi esifanayo babekholelwa ukuthi u-Ivan Mazepa, owomlando kahulumeni owayenamandla kakhulu, kusukela ebusheni akuzange ahluke ukuthembeka nokuzinikela. Abantu besikhathi sethu bathi lezi zimfanelo ziyingqikithi yezombangazwe.

Union neCharles XII

Noma kunjalo, iMpi YaseNyakatho, eyadlula iminyaka engu-21 eRussia, yaphonsela i-hetman yaseBobhanxele ekubambisaneni nenkosi yaseSweden.

Ngo-1706, emva kokuba uRussia eshiywe yodwa nenkosi yaseSweden, i-Mazepa yathola ukuzimela kwe-Little Russia. Iminikelo kuPetru I mayelana nokuphikisana okuzayo kwe-Cossack hetman yafika njalo, kodwa wayengafuni ukuyikholelwa.

Ngo-1708, u-Mazepa Ivan Stepanovich wenqabe ukujoyina amasosha ama-tsarist futhi, kanye nenxenye encane yamaCosacks, ikakhulukazi umphathi, wabuyela eKarl.

UPeter wangithukuthela, ngoba wayebheka ukuthi i-Mazepa akagcini nje kuphela, umlingani, kodwa futhi nomngani.

Ngo-1709, ukukhishwa kwe-Mazepa yi-tsar kwaholela ekubhujisweni ngokuphelele kweZaporozhye Sich.