I-cosmodrome enkulu kakhulu eRussia. I-Cosmodromes yaseRussia

I-cosmodromes yanamuhla eRussia yizinto ezidlala indima ebalulekile kwisayensi, ezomnotho, ezenhlalo nezombusazwe, kanye nokuxhumana kwamasiko emazingeni ahlukene. E-Russian Federation kukhona kokubili okusebenzayo futhi ngaphansi kwamapayipi wokwakha. Uphi i-cosmodromes yaseRussia? Ziyini izinto abazozame manje?

Yiziphi izimo ze-cosmodromes eRussia?

"I-Baikonur", "Plesetsk", "iKapustin Yar", "Sula", "Khulula" kanye ne "Vostochny" ekwakhiwa yi-cosmodromes yanamuhla yaseRussia. Uhlu lwezikhungo ezifanelekile lungaguqulwa - kuye ngokuthi ingqalasizinda esetshenziselwa kanjani ukuqaliswa kohlelo lwesikhala saseRashiya izosakazwa. Akukhipha ngaphandle kokuthi ngenxa yendawo enkulu yalezi zindawo noma lezo zinhlobo ze-cosmodromes, kanye nokubunzima kwemisebenzi okumelwe kwenziwe kuzo, amasayithi amasha okuqaliswa azovulwa, amanje azovalwa futhi adluliselwe kwenye indawo. Kodwa okwamanje ama-cosmodromes aseRussia, okukhulunywe ngenhla, kuwo wonke umuntu angabhekwa njengendlela ehlelekile kahle yezinto ezibizwa ngokuthi yigama elifanele. Manje ake sicabangele okushiwo yilowo nalowo ngokuningiliziwe.

"Baikonur" - i-cosmodrome enkulu ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezinhlelo zesikhala saseRussia Federation

"I-Baikonur" i-cosmodrome engeyona iRussia, kodwa i-Kazakhstan, kodwa iRussia cishe iyisetshenziswa sayo kuphela. Ama-operators ayo amakhulu yi-RSC Energia, i-TsSKB Intuthuko, i-GKNPTS im. I-MV Khrunicheva, Isikhungo Sesikhala "SaseNingizimu". "IBaikonur" yakhiwe ngo-1955. Into enikeziwe ithathwa nguhulumeni waseRussia Federation ekuqashweni ku-RK iminyaka engu-50. Izindleko zokusebenzisa i-cosmodrome zingama-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-5 ngonyaka - 3.5 billion, empeleni, kuqasha, 1.5 billion - izimali ezithunyelwa yiRussian Federation ukugcina ukusebenza kwezingqalasizinda zesakhiwo.

I-Baikonur, naphezu kokubambisana kwayo ngokomthetho neKazakhstan, iye yavame ukubhekwa njenge-cosmodrome yaseRussia. Kuyaziwa ngokusungula i- satellite yomhlaba wokuqala, isikebhe sokuqala esinezinkampani, ama-satellite ahlukahlukene wesayensi, imicibisholo ye-ballistic. Manje i-Baikonur yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke zento zohlobo olufanele ezihilelekile embonini yesikhala saseRussia. Indawo yayo yonke ingamamitha ayizigaba ezingu-6717. I-Km. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, le cosmodrome yaseRussia - umholi wezwe ngenombolo yokuqaliswa.

Ingqalasizinda ye-Baikonur Cosmodrome

Ingqalasizinda "i-Baikonur" imelwe, ikakhulukazi, ngezinto ezinjalo:

- 9 ukuqaliswa kwezinhlaka zezigaba ezehlukene;

- iziqalisi ezingu-15 zenzelwe ukuletha ama-rocket eziletha ama-satellite kanye nemikhumbi emkhathini;

- Iziqalisi ezine ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola imicibisholo ye-ballistic;

- amacala angu-11 ahloswe ukufakwa nokuhlolwa kwemishini ngezinhloso ezehlukene;

- ama-complex complex angu-34, afanelekile ukulungiselela ukulungiswa kwemicibisholo nezimoto zabo ngezinhloso ezehlukene;

- Iziteshi ezingu-3, lapho ama-rocket othwala khona kanye nezinye izimoto zesikhala zithuthukiswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokushisa;

- ukulinganisa okunzima;

- Ulwazi nolwazi lwekhompuyutha lapho kulawulwa khona ukulawula, kanye nokulawulwa kwezindiza zezimoto zesikhala nokucubungula izinhlobo ezahlukene zedatha;

- Ukukhiqizwa kwe-oxygen-nitrogen, okukwazi ukukhiqiza amathani angama-300 ezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo ye-cryogenic emini;

- Isitshalo samandla esesimiso esinamandla angama-60 MW;

- isitimela samandla esinamandla angama-72 MW, esebenza ezinjini zegesi;

- ukuguqulwa kwezinguquko ezilinganisweni ezingu-600;

- amakhodi wokuxhumana enombolweni yamayunithi angu-92;

- izindiza zezindiza - "Extreme" ne "Yubile";

- ingqalasizinda yesitimela yasendaweni enezingqikithi ezingaba ngu-470 km;

- Ubude bezingqalasizinda ze-Automobile cishe ngo-1281 km;

- imigqa yamandla ngo-6610 km, ukuxhumana - ngo-2784 km.

Ngemva kokucabangela izici eziyinhloko ze-cosmodrome enkulu kunazo zonke ezihileleke ohlelweni lendawo yaseRussia, sizofunda okunye kwezinto ezihlobo olufanele olusebenza eRussia.

Kapustin Yar

"I-Kapustin Yar" abacwaningi abaningi bavame ukubuka okuningi njengendawo yokuqeqesha ezempi. Kodwa ngezizathu eziningi kungacatshangwa ukuthi i-cosmodrome, ikakhulukazi ngoba iqhuba ukuhlolwa kweminye imicibisholo ye-ballistic - ngemigomo eyithunyelwa engaphandle. IKapustin Yar yakhiwa ngo-1946.

Le-cosmodrome yaseRussia itholakala ikakhulu esifundeni sase-Astrakhan, kodwa ezinye izindawo zayo ziyingxenye ye-Atyrau, kanye nezindawo zaseWest Kazakhstan zaseKazakhstan. Indawo yayo yonke ingamamitha ayi-650 square. I-Km. Le cosmodrome inesikhungo sayo sokuphatha - idolobha laseZnamensk. Akukude nayo yindiza yezempi.

"Sula"

I-Cosmodrome "Ecacile" ochwepheshe bavame ukubhekwa njengesisekelo sokuqala - kodwa ngenxa yemicibisholo, futhi, ehloselwe ukuqaliswa endaweni evulekile. Isetshenziswe ngentshiseko kusukela ngo-2006. Le spaceport entsha inaseRussia, esifundeni saseJasnensky, esifundeni sase-Orenburg.

Umsebenzisi oyinhloko wesakhiwo yi-international corporation Kosmotras. Ingqalasizinda ye-cosmodrome isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuqala ama-satellite ahlukahlukene ku-orbit eliseduzane nomhlaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isixazululo semisebenzi ehambelanayo, imishini esetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yi-Dnipro missile yokukhiqizwa kweRussia-Ukraine.

Plesetsk

I-northernmost cosmodrome yaseRussia yiPlesetsk. Itholakala ngo-180 km ukusuka e-Arkhangelsk - eningizimu yedolobha. Indawo yento ingaba ngu-176.2 hektare. Isebenza njenge-cosmodrome "Plesetsk" yaqala ngo-1966. Ingakwazi ukuqala imicibisholo engowomndeni we-P-7 kanye nabanye abangamakilasi afanayo.

I-northernmost cosmodrome yaseRussia, njengabanye abahlaziyi be-analysts, inerekhodi ngokulingana kwenani lamarokethi okungena kulo endaweni.

"Mahhala"

I-spaceport "ye-Svobodny" isendaweni ye-Amur. Sekusebenze kusukela ngo-1996. Le cosmodrome yaseRussia inendawo engamamitha ayi-410 square. I-Km, futhi inesisekelo sokwethulwa kwemicibisholo elula nokuphakathi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kweSvobodny kwaqaliswa ngenxa yokuthi ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR iSoviet cosmodrome enkulu iBaikonur yayingaphandle kweRussian Federation, futhi abaholi besihlelo sendawo yaseRussia banquma ukuthi izwe lidinga into ebizwa ngokuthi i-designation efanele. Ngokwenzayo, ngaleso sikhathi, i-cosmodrome yaseRussia esempumalanga, ngemva kokuqala kokusebenza, isetshenziswe, ikakhulukazi, ngenhloso yokuhlolwa kweminye imicibisholo ye-ballistic, njenge-Topol. Manje cishe akusetshenziswanga ngokugcwele, lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi into entsha yakhiwa eMpumalanga Ekude - iVostochny cosmodrome. Ake sicabangele futhi ulwazi oluyisisekelo ngalo.

"EMpumalanga"

Lona i-cosmodrome entsha futhi esempumalanga kakhulu e-Russia. Yaqala ukwakhiwa ngo-2010. Kuzobe kutholakala, ngendlela, ekude neSvobodny, okumele ihlakazwe mayelana nokufakwa kwengqalasizinda enkulu eVostochny kanye nokwenziwa ngcono kwezinto zokusebenza ngokuqondene nesakhiwo esisha.

Kubalwa ukuthi isikhungo sendawo esempumalanga esakhiwa phansi esakhiwa eRussia sizohlala endaweni engamamitha ayi-1035 square. I-Km. Indalo yayo yenzelwe ukuxazulula imisebenzi elandelayo: ukuthengwa yiRussia ye-cosmodrome yayo, okulungiselelwe ukuqala noma yiziphi izinhlobo zemicibisholo, ukwakheka kwemizamo eyengeziwe yokuthuthukiswa okujulile kwezindawo zaseMpumalanga Ekude ze-Russian Federation. Lesi sifunda sinikezwa ngokukhethekile ezinhlelweni zomphakathi nezenhlalo zomphakathi, futhi ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esifanele lapha kubhekwa njengesinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngokuphumelelayo kwale mizamo.

"I-Vostochny" yi-spaceport yaseRussia, enezinzuzo ezimbalwa, ikakhulukazi, "ku-Baikonur". Isibonelo, imigwaqo yezindiza ezinqatshelwe ukuthi zizovela lapha zikhona ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinabantu abaningi baseRussian Federation, kanye namazwe angaphandle - anjalo abeka phezu kwamanzi angathathi hlangothi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, into ephawulekayo yilapho i-cosmodrome eRussia ikhona - okungukuthi, esiseduze nengqalasizinda yezokuthutha esathuthukile. Lokhu kwenza ukuxhaphazwa kwe "East" ikakhulukazi kubiza imali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye ochwepheshe nabo baqokomisa izinkinga ezimbalwa ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo esifanele ohlelweni lwesikhala saseRussia. Okokuqala, iqiniso lokuthi "i-Vostochny" itholakala ku-degrees angu-6 enyakatho ye "Baikonur" - ngakho-ke, ukukhokha okuphelele okukhishwa emkhathini kuyoba kancane e-cosmodrome yaseRussia.

Kuzoqala nini ukuqala kusuka eMpumalanga?

I-cosmodrome yaseRussia engasempumalanga kakhulu izovulwa nini futhi isebenze nini?

Okokuqala, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kokuqala kwe-missile esakhiweni esifanele kuzokwenziwa ekupheleni kuka-2015. Kodwa okwamanje lihlehliselwa ku-2016. Mayelana nokuqaliswa kwezindiza zemikhumbi ephuma "EMpumalanga" - okokuqala ezobanjelwa ngo-2016. Abasebenzi be-cosmodrome entsha yaseRussia bazohlala ku-Uglegorsk, esendaweni yesifunda sase-Amur - esiseduze nento esakhiwe. Kulo dolobha elifanayo kuzotholakala iziphathimandla zokuphatha ze "Eastern". Ngendlela, ezinye izakhiwo zengqalasizinda ze-cosmodrome zingakhiwa ngaphandle kwesifunda sase-Amur. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kusukela "EMpumalanga" kuyokwazi ukuqala imicibisholo cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo - olukhanyayo, oluphakathi nolunzima - njengokuthi, "i-Angara", okuhlolwa kwayo okuphumelelayo okwenziwe eRussia ngo-2014.

Isifinyezo

Ngakho-ke, ama-cosmodromes anamuhla aseRussia amelwe izinto ezingu-5 ezisebenzayo - enye yazo ingabhekwa ngokuthi "Ikhululekile" kuze kube manje, ngoba isenasisekelo, futhi isakhiwe. Zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zaseRussia - eningizimu yeNgxenye yeYurophu yezwe, enyakatho, eMpumalanga Ekude. I-cosmodrome enkulu kakhulu, ehilelekile ohlelweni lendawo yaseRussia, luseKazakhstan. Ngokushesha uzokwabelana ngemisebenzi yakhe, echazwe ekuqaliseni ukuqaliswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo ezifunwa zemikhosi, ne-spaceport "Vostochny", eyakhiwa esifundeni sase-Amur.