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Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuguquguquka kwemvelo: ukufana nokungafani

Ukuziphendulela kwemvelo nokuguquguquka kwemvelo kuhlukile ngokuthi igama lokuqala lichaza izinguquko ezingeni lezilwane, futhi lesibili - supernova ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Izincazelo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi izinqubo ezingaguquki zokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo, ukulungiswa kwezimo ezizungezile.

Yimaphi amagama afanayo?

Ekuchazeni umehluko emibonweni ethi "ukuguquguquka kwemvelo" nokuthi "ukuguquguquka kwemvelo," ukulinganisa kwezinqubo ezenzekayo kubalulekile. Isikhathi esithathwe ukuguqula izidalwa sibhekwa. Izinkomba ze-macroscopic zakhiwa ngama-microprocesses amaningi.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyisethi yezenzakalo eziholela ekukhuleni kwamaqembu ahlelekile:

  • Ama-Detachments;
  • Ukubeletha;
  • Izinhlobo noma iminyango;
  • Imindeni.

Wonke lawa maqembu anokufana: avela esifanayo. Kancane kancane ukuvumelanisa nezimo ezungezile, ziguqulwa futhi azifani namafomu okuqala. Futhi isikhathi esiningi sidlula, umahluko obonakalayo kulezi zinhlobo.

Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iqukethe ushintsho olungenakuguquka kwezinhlobo zemvelo eziholela ekusungulweni kwalezi zilandelayo:

  • Shintsha ku-genetics;
  • Ukubunjwa kokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zokuphila;
  • Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha;
  • Ukuguqulwa kwe-biogeocenosis;
  • Ukungahambi kwezinhlobo ezikhona kakade;
  • Shintsha ku-biosphere yonke.

Yiziphi umehluko we-semantic wemigomo?

Ukushintsha kwesibalo sezinhlobo ezithile kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi kukhona ukuguquguquka okukhulu nokuguquguquka kwemvelo. Ukwahlukana kwezincazelo:

  • Incazelo yokuqala isetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinguquko zomhlaba jikelele. Libhekisela ekubunjweni kwe-subspecies yezwe, kepha ayikwazi ukuqala ngaphandle kwemvelo.
  • Izinqubo zomhlaba jikelele zokuguquguquka kwemvelo zihlala eziningana, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Isikhathi sezinguquko eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo ezincane zilingana nezinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Ngombono wokuguquguquka kwemvelo, izinqubo zokuguquguquka kwabantu eziguquguqukayo zibhekwa.

Ngokuvamile inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zichazwa ngesikhathi esifanayo njenge-macroevolution kanye ne-microevolution. Ukufana nokuhlukana kwama -ories okukhona okudingekayo ukuze kutholakale izinkomba ezifundwayo ekuthuthukiseni izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Amaphuzu avelele ezinhlobo ezimbili zokuthuthukiswa

Ungabona izinqubo ezifanayo ezinkambisweni ezinjenge-macroevolution kanye ne-microevolution. Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinhlobo ezimbili zokuthuthukiswa kunika isizathu sokucabanga ngomgomo ofanayo wokucabangela ukuguquka kwemvelo. Esikhathini sokuqala, ukwakheka kweganga kanye nezinhlobo kuvele kubonakala. Futhi okwesibili, izahlulelo ezifanayo zenziwa ekuboneni izinguquko, ukuguqulwa kwegciwane, ukufuduka kwezilwane eziphilayo.

Izinkolelo ze-macro ne-microevolution zisekelwe ekudalweni kwamaphuzu athile okubuka lapho kuhlolwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okuvumela ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kokuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi eside kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuze uthole incazelo ephelele kakhulu yezinhlobo, igama elithi "izici zokuhlukanisa" lisetshenzisiwe. Lezi zihlanganisa izimo ezithinta ukuziphendukela kwemvelo:

  • Ukuguqulwa okwenzeka emfuleni kwenza izinhlanzi nezinye izakhamuzi zasemanzini zivumelane nemvelo entsha;
  • Izimo zezenzo zezinyoni zithinteka ukunyakaza komhlaba, lapho kuhlanganiswa ibanga elisha lentaba;
  • Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kubangela ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa kolwandle, okuthinta impilo yezidalwa nezilwane ngaphansi kwamanzi emazwenikazi.

Ukuze uvumelane nezimo ezintsha, izidalwa eziphilayo kuzodingeka ziguqulwe ezingeni le-microevolution.

Izinguquko zomhlaba wonke

Ukuqhathanisa imiqondo "yokuguquguquka kwemvelo" kanye "nokuguquguquka kwemvelo", singaphetha ngokuthi: umphumela wokuguqulwa kwezwe jikelele kuxhomeke kwiqoqo lezenzakalo ezingahleliwe ezenzeka ezingeni lezinqamuzana. Inqubo ngayinye yokuhamba kancane esikhathini esithile ingakhula ibe yi-macro yokuguquguquka okukhulu. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kwenzeka esikhathini eside kakhulu.

Endabeni yokuguquka kwemvelo, imithetho elawula ukuthuthukiswa kwezwe eliphilayo iyabhekwa. Ngokusho kwedatha yemininingwane, isithombe esicacile nesejwayelekile sokuhlukahluka kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo kungenziwa. Ukuthambekela okuyinhloko nezikhombisi-ndlela kubonakala ngokucacile, okuyinto enzima ukuyenza lapho ufunda kuphela ukuguquguquka kwemvelo.

Izibonelo zemicimbi yomhlaba jikelele

Inkolelo yokuguquguquka kwemvelo ihlolisisa izinqubo ezihlala isikhathi eside iminyaka eyizigidi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kwezidalwa ze-vertebrate emhlabeni, inqubo yokuguqulwa ukusuka ekuhambeni kuzo zonke ezine kuze kube nokunyakaza kokuhamba komzimba. Lezi zenzakalo zihambisana nezinguquko eziphawulekayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zombili ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo nangaphandle. Izinhlobo ezimbili zentuthuko zenzeka njalo ekwakheni kwezinhlobo ezintsha: ukuguquguquka kwemvelo kanye nokuguquguquka kwemvelo. Ukufana kwezenzakalo ukuthi ukukhethwa kwemvelo kuyisici esibalulekile ekusungulweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha ze-species kanye nama-subspecies. Lapho sicubungula zonke izinqubo kulokhu, iziphetho ezijwayelekile zithathwa mayelana namaphethini ezinguquko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Izinguquko zangaphakathi

Ukuziphendulela kwemvelo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuncane kunokwemvelo. Inqubo yokuqala yezwe ingashintshwa ngaphansi kwethonya lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

Inkolelo yokuguquguquka kwemvelo ikhuluma ngezinkinga zenguquko phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, lapho ezinye izilwane eziphilayo ziqala ukubonakala njengesakhiwo sangokwenyama ngenxa yezici ezithile bese zakha ama-subspecies amasha. Ukuze kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwemicimbi, iyunithi eyisisekelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isetshenziselwa - inani labantu.

Izinqubo ze-microevolutionary zingenziwa ngokuzihlukanisa kwabantu ngabanye, ukuhlukaniswa kwamanye ama-subspecies abazali abe yizinhlobo ezihlukene. Lokhu kungenzeka uma uhlobo olulodwa lwezinto eziphilayo luhlukana ukuya emazweni amabili ahlukene.

Izibonelo zemicimbi ye-intraspecific

Izenzakalo ezilandelayo zihlukaniswa njenge-microevolution:

  • Ukuguqulwa kwesimiso sokugaya amagundane kuya emathiseni amasha namakhemikhali (le nqubo ishesha kakhulu - nje eminyakeni embalwa);
  • Ushintsho kulo lonke i-gene pool yezinhlobo ezihlukile, okuthiwa yi-phyletic evolution;
  • I-Microevolution ingatholakala ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene: ezinyoni nasezintwini kunamaphiko, ezinhlanzi nasezilwaneni zasolwandle - amaphiko nemigodi, kuma-amphibians abheka kokubili;
  • Izinqubo ezifanayo zingatholakala ezilwaneni ezihlukaniswe komunye nomunye ngendlela ehlelekile: izigulane zitholakala ezinhlanzi nase-lobster noma ku-crab, futhi ukuphela kwebhere kufana nokuhlelwa ezinyaweni ze-mole;
  • Izitho zezilwane ezihlala ezihlahleni zifana nokuhlelwa nenhloso.

Izindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwezilwane eziphilayo

Incazelo "umbono" ihlanganisa uhlu olubanzi lwezinto:

  • Izinkomba ezingokwemvelo, zezinto eziphilayo nezase-physicochemical.
  • Abantu banamandla okuzala.
  • Banokwazi ukuvumelanisa nezimo ezithile zemvelo.
  • Abantu bahlala niche ethile ekudleni kokudla.

Ku-micro-and-macroevolution, indlela yokuhlola izilwane isetshenziswa:

  1. I-Morphological.
  2. Ngokwemvelo.
  3. I-biochemical.
  4. I-Genetic.
  5. I-Geographical.
  6. Ecological.

Lezi zinhlobo zibhekisela kubuncane bezakhi zofuzo futhi zifana nabantu uma umuntu ekwazi ukuxubana nomunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye yekhodi yezinto eziphilayo idluliselwa ukuze iqhubeke nohlobo. Lokhu kudala izinhlobo ezintsha.

Ukuze ushintshe lezi zinhlobo, kudingekile ukuthuthukisa izimo ezifanele ngaphansi kwethonya lemicimbi: ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo enonya, amaphethini wokukhetha kwemvelo, ukuguqulwa kwemvelo kanye noshintsho oluthile lwabantu.

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