Imfundo:Umlando

I-hussar enamaphiko. Ama-hussars asePoland anephiko. Umlando wezembatho nezinhlamvu

Amagumbi okulwa ngamahhashi okuqala asePoles akhiwa cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo nezwe lasePoland. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-10 leminyaka yekhulu le-11 ePoland ebalazweni leNkathi Ephakathi kwakuyisizwe esincane. Iningi lalo lalihlala ngezizwe ezihlukene zamaSilavic. Enyakatho, umbuso wePoland wawunqamule ePrussia kanye nemigomo ye-knightly, empumalanga - no-Kievan Rus, eningizimu - nombuso waseHungary.

Izazi-mlando ziyazi ngalokho okuthiwa "amabutho emikhumbi" ngezikhathi zikaMizizko the First noBoleslaw the Brave. Ngenxa yamahhashi alo aqinile, uMbuso wasePoland wawungaboniswa njengomphikisi nge-Order of the Teutons kanye nabaphathi be-Sword. Kodwa omakhelwane - abaseLithuanians - ngaphambi kokubunjwa kobuqili babo kwakungekho ukuxhumeka kwehhashi elindayo, kodwa kwakukhona amahhashi aphansi, anemikhumbi namaqembu. Ngakho-ke, abakwazanga ukuvimbela amahhashi aphethe ama-oda asemthethweni, okuvumela ukuthi ama-oda athathe amanye amasimu amaSlav namaPrussia.

AmaHussars asePoland - Amahhashi angavamile

Empi yeGrwalwald ngoJulayi 15, 1410, phakathi kwama-knightly kanye noMbuso wasePolish, ngokubambisana nomthetho weLithuania, abagibeli bamahhashi baseTatar bafaka isandla esikhulu ekunqobeni, okwephula ukuzivikela kwalabo abaQuqulwa yiCross.

Phakathi neMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu NeSweden kusukela ngo-1630 kuya ku-1660, ibutho lasePoland lahlanganisa abagibeli bamahhashi abangajwayelekile abavela eLithuania, amaTatar, amaSerbia, amaHungary kanye nezinye izizwe. Babengamadoda anamandla kakhulu, bakwazi ukusebenzisa noma yiziphi izimo ezilula, kodwa bengathandi ukulwa namaqembu amancane esitha. Kodwa-ke, iSweden, eyayingenalo loluhlobo lwamabutho, lwalesaba ukuxhumana ngokujulile nalawo mahhashi ngaphambi kokuba kufike ama-Cossacks aseZaporozhye.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 amahhashi asePoland ayehlanganisa izingxenye ezithwala izikhali nezinsimbi ezingavamile, ezazihlanganisa amaTatars, amaZaporozhians, amaSerbia, amaLithuanians, amaMoldova nezinye izizwe. Lezi zinhlangano zempi ziye zazibonakalisa kahle empini nasezimpi eziningi. Ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu asePoland asezingxenyeni ezingavamile ngokuqhubekayo sekuyisikhathi sesikhathi.

Inkulumo iPospolita - imfundo emisha ebalazweni laseYurophu

Lapho iPoland neLithuania behlangene, kwavela okuthiwa i- Rzeczpospolita, eyayidinga amashaya amasha amahhashi ukuze aqaphe imingcele yaseningizimu nangasempumalanga, elula kune-kopey, ehlanganisa amahhashi angenasimo. Uhlelo olusha lokuzivikela kwemingcele lwalubizwa ngokuthi "Ukunqotshwa kwePotoknna", futhi umphathi walo wokuqala wabekwa uPeter Myshkovsky. Ngakho okokuqala kwakukhona ama-hussars asePoland. Ekuqaleni kokubunjwa kwalezi zinhlangano zempi, baqasha abantu bezinye izizwe, isibonelo amaSerbia, futhi kamuva baqala ukuthatha iPoles lapho.

Amadivaysi akwaHussar ahlukaniswe abe yiziqhumane nezindlala, ngoba ezindaweni zokuqala zokuhlela imingcele kwakungekho abanikazi bamahhashi abanzima. Ngakho-ke, ama-hussar aqanjiwe amakhono afunda ukulwa kokubili kokuhlelekile nokuhlelekile.

Ngemva kwesikhashana ama-hussars aqala ukusungulwa kwezempi kulo lonke i-Commonwealth. Ibutho lasePoland lalinalo ekubunjweni kwalo kanye nabamahhashi abamahhashi. Umkhonto noma umlingani ngamunye (ovela ePolish usho ukuthi "umngane") wayephoqelekile ukuba avele ebuthweni, kanye nabashayeli abaningana, ababebizwa ngokuthi i-pacholikami. Bangaba abantu abayisithupha kuya kwabangu-14 noma ngaphezulu. Ngokuvamile kwakukhona amacala lapho umkhonto efika yena ngokwakhe, ngaphandle kokuhamba naye. Izikhali zathengwa ngumhlobo, ngakho babe nezikhali ezihlukahlukene.

Phakathi nekhulu le-16, ngenxa yokusabalala okukhulu kwezibhamu eYurophu, isidingo sokuba abamahhashi abanobunzima siyancipha ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, iNkosi ehlonishwayo yasePoland uStefan Batory, i-diplomat ehlakaniphile nomlawuli wamakhono, yaqala ukuguqula ibutho, kuhlanganise nabamahhashi.

Ukuzalwa kwama-elite asePoland amahhashi

Eyaziwayo phakathi kwamaPolish gentry hussar izingxenye kancane kancane ziphenduka zabagibeli bamahhashi. Lezi zinhlangano ezinama-elite zaqala ukuthola abanikazi bomhlaba abacebile. Ngamunye wabo kwakudingeka eze naye 4 pacholikas. Ama-hussars asePoland anamaphiko ayadingeka ukuba abe nehhashi elihle. Njengoba beya empini, kwakudingeka babe nomkhonto, izikhali zokuzivikela nezigqoko, isigqoko sokuzivikela, isibhamu esifushane, i-saber noma i-saber. Njengomthetho, ama-comrades afaka izikhumba zezilwane ezehlukene phezu kwezikhali zempi. Emidwebo endala ungabona ukuthi i-hussar enamaphiko igqoke kanjani esikhumbeni se ingwe, ingwe, ibhere, impisi nezinye izilwane.

Abagcini beWinged

Ama-comrades ne-paholiki babevame ukugqoka isakhiwo samaphiko ngaphezulu kwesibhamu. Kungaba amaphiko e-turkey, ukhozi noma ihansi. Ekuqaleni, kwakhiwa amaphiko amancane, ahlanganiswe nesihlangu noma ngomnsalo wesihlalo esivela emuva. Kucatshangwa ukuthi phakathi nokunyakaza izimpaphe zanikhipha umsindo ongajabulisi kumahhashi angakalungi esitha. Amahhashi esitha ayethukuthele, engafuni ukulalela imiyalo yabagibeli - nesistimu yesitha yahlukana phakathi kwamayunithi ahlukahlukene angalawuliwe.

Ngekhulu le-17, umfaniswano we hussar wawushintsha: amaphiko abe mkhulu futhi aqala ukugxila ngemuva kwesigqoko futhi aphezu kwekhanda lomgibeli. Ngenxa yalokhu, amaphiko anezici ezengeziwe - ukuvikelwa ngumuntu wehhashi kusukela ku-lasso nokunciphisa umthelela ekwindla. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi amaphiko amakhulu nezikhumba zezilwane, ezigqoke izikhali zempi, kufanele zihlasele umphikisi. Lo mbono ubufakazi obungokomlando.

Omunye wabahlanganyeli empini yaseVienna ngo-1683 waqhathanisa imibuso yasePoland, ikakhulukazi amahhashi angamaphiko, ayehlasela ibutho laseTurkey, ibutho lezingelosi livela ezulwini ukuze lijezise izoni. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi lesi siko sasivela kude kakhulu e-Asia futhi sasakaza eMbusweni wase-Ottoman.

Ukubunjwa kwe-hussars yasePoland

Ibhansela likaHussar laliyi-elite lempi ye-Polish Commonwealth yasePolish-Lithuanian. Uthisha wayephethe induna, ummeli wakhe wayenguLutenant-lieutenant, umbusi wayemi ngezansi, kanti umlawuli omncane kakhulu wayengumphathi omkhulu.

Umlindi onamaphiko akakaze abe mkhulu, ngoba kubiza kakhulu ukuba nomunye wempi enjalo (ihhashi, izikhali nezikhali). Ngalo mali kwakungenzeka ukuthi bathole izibhamu nezinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane kwezibhamu. Ngakho-ke, emzimbeni ngamunye wezempi kwakungekho imibuso emibili noma ama-squadron ama-hussars anephiko (abangaphezu kuka-700-800 abantu).

Izinsiza ze-hussars yasePoland

Izinsiza ze-paholikov zenzeka okwamanje ngenxa yama-comrade, zizivikele ngezikhali ezihlukahlukene. Ukubunjwa kwama-Equestrian kunamaphesenti angu-50-120 abagibeli bamahhashi. Ngenkathi ama-European athi kancane kancane wenqaba ukukopisha, ama-hussars aphiko ayaqhubeka nokuwasebenzisa. Ubude bomkhonto babuyi-6-6.5 wamamitha, futhi kwakuyisikhali esikhulu kakhulu.

Ekhulwini le-17, izibhamu zazilokhu zingasese. Ngemuva kokudubula ebhokisini noma isibhamu esivela kude, le nhlamvu yayingavamile ukushaya lesi sitshalo, futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuvuselela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-hussar enamaphiko ikwazi ukunqoba ibanga eliya esitha futhi yadiliza isitha ngomkhonto wayo wamamitha amaningi, engakwazi ukulayisha kabusha isikhali futhi ayikwazi ukuthola i-saber noma inkemba, engasakwazi ukumelana nobude bomkhonto namandla omuntu wehhashi.

Emacimbini amaningi emlando, ngenxa yalokhu, izimpi zamanzi zanqoba, isibonelo, iMpi yaseKlushino ngo-1610 ngokumelene nabaseSweden noma empini namaRussia ngaphansi kweChudov ngo-1660.

Ngaphandle kwamakhophi, i-hussar yayine-saber, inkemba yamamitha angu-1.7 ubude ukubhoboza izikhali zesitha kanye namabhasi amabili eboshwe emigodini yesigqoko.

Umfaniswano we-hussar wawunhle kakhulu, wayefake izithombe esifubeni sakhe: ngakwesobunxele - iNdodana, ngakwesokudla - isiphambano samaKatolika. Kodwa ngaphandle kobuhle kwakudingeka avikele inkosi yakhe. I-Hussar yezempi ingakwazi ukumelana nokudubula okuqondile kusukela emotweni emakhilomitha angu-20, futhi kusukela ngemuva kwakungenakukwazi ukudubula ngqo ebhokisini.

Izimo ze-hussars yasePoland

Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwamayunithi angabasiza abagibeli bamahhashi abasha nabahamba ngezinyawo, i-hussar enamaphiko yayiyisisulu esilula somgibeli ongeke ahlomile, owayesebenzile, washiya uhla lwe-hussar wahlasela futhi wamhlupha emgodleni noma ngemuva. Yilokho amasosha asePoland anqotshwa khona, lapho ama unit hussar kaGeneron Gordon ayemi khona, ngaphansi komyalo kaSokolnitsky noBaron Ott empini yeSlobodischem ngezimiso zikaZaporozhye Cossack.

Futhi emlandweni osemthethweni, iqiniso elilodwa liyaziwa ngenkathi uMaha Marshal Wallenstein ethandaza eNkosini Sigismund III ukuba athumele ukuthi angathembisanga i-hussars eyi-10000-12000 enamaphiko, kodwa njenge-Cossacks amaningi.

I-Polish Hussar njengesibonelo samaGadi eHarashi aseRussia

Amadoda asehhashi lasePoland aphikisana nempi aphenduka umlando lapho iRussia i-hussar elite yamahhashi elwandle eqala ukuqala ekhulwini le-17 leminyaka. Inqola ye-hussar yaseRussia yabamahhashi angu-735 yadalwa ngo-1634. Kwakukhona amaqembu amathathu amahhashi ngaphansi komyalo wePrince Khovansky, iPrince Meshcheretsky nomphathi weRichard Rylsky. Le nqola yayisemsebenzini eTula.

Emlandweni wecala, lapho ngo-1654 ohlangothini lwaseRussia wadlula cishe ama-hussars angamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili ngaphansi komyalo kaKilsky.

IPoland yekhulu le-18 nebutho lamaNapoleonic

Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka le-18-19, ama-polisi asePoland, kanye namabutho aseFrance, aqala ukulwa nempi yase-Italy neJalimane. Lezi zakhiwo zamasosha zazibizwa ngokuthi i-Danube namabutho ase-Italy. Yayiyisisekelo sokudalwa kwe-adumile eWisla Legion. Ngo-1809 ibutho lasePoland lekhulu le-18 ligcwaliswa ngemibuso emibili ye-hussar, eyenziwe nguMarshal Poniatowski waseGalicia. Kodwa ngo-1812 uPoniatowski wayala izigaba ezintathu ze-hussar kakade. Yiqiniso, la ayengewona ama-hussars enamaphiko okwethula ukwesaba eYurophu ephakathi, kodwa amahhashi alula.
Ama-hussars asePoland ayekhonza kwezinye izingxenye zamabutho aseNapoleonic:

  • Amabutho amabili e-hussar ayingxenye yezingxenye zikaBrun;
  • Enye ibutho lama-hussars e-Soubervi brigade;
  • Ngo-1813-1814 abagibeli bamahhashi asePoland babesebenza abasebenzi baka-8 ePoniatowski nase-4 Corps kaKelerman.

Amashalofu ebutho lasePoland ayelinganiselwa emakolishi aseNapoleonic. Isibonelo, isidumbu sikaPoniatowski , esasiqhubekele emgwaqeni wase-Old Smolensk, saphoqelelwa yi-Field Marshal Kutuzov ukuba sihambe eShevardin Redoubt ngoSepthemba 5, 1812 . Lokhu kwaba ukuqala kweMpi yaseBorodino, lapho amaPoles akwazi khona ukuthatha ngempumelelo umuzi wase-Utica.

IPoland namahhashi ayo ekhulu lama-XX

Ngemuva kokunqotshwa nokuchithwa kweNapoleon ngo-1814, iPoland ayitholakali ebalazweni laseYurophu. Yahlukaniswa yaba yizingxenye eziphakathi kweRussia ne-Austria-Hungary, kanye noMbuso wePrussia.

IPoland yakuthola ukuzimela kuphela ngo-1917, ngesikhathi esifanayo yaphinde yakha amaRussia ama-horse regiments. Nakuba ngo-1914 ama-hussar asePoland ayelwa noMbuso waseRussia eceleni kuka-Austria. Iqembu lasePoland labe seliyalulwa nguPilsudski. La ma-hussars afanayo ahlanganyela empini yempi eRussia eSiberia ngaphansi kwebutho laseKolchak. Ama-Hussar ayebonwa empini nebutho laseTukhachevsky ngo-1920.

Umlando wama-hussars asePoland onamaphiko waphela ngo-1939, ngemva kokulwa kwezimpi zamabhomu namahhashi ahlaselwa ama-sabers amelene namathangi, inhloko-dolobha yasePoland, iWarsaw, yazinikelwa.

Amaqiniso omlando anentshisekelo ngama-hussars anamaphiko

I-hussar yasePoland yama-cavalrymen ekhulwini lama-16 neye-19 yayigqoke amagama amabili athakazelisayo: e-Commonwealth ayebizwa ngokuthi i-elearas, kanye nezitha - yizindiza ezindizayo, ezazingena emhlane.

Futhi, ama-hussars ahamba ngezinyawo amangaza wonke umuntu ngokubonakala kwawo. Ukufika curiosities ezingenangqondo. Ngakho-ke, amasosha e-Tsar Ivan the Terrible, afika eKazzan, adideka kakhulu lapho ebona ama-Cossacks angaphandle - ama-hussars, eboshelwe ngempaphe nezikhumba zezilwane ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezingwebeni kuya kwizingwebe. Iningi lamasosha lacabanga ukuthi libone phambi kwabo amaNdiya, hhayi amahhashi angamanje.

Njengasesikhathini sethu cishe zonke izingane zifuna ukuba ama-paratroopers noma izazi-mlando, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 cishe yonke intsha yasePoland yayifuna ukuba yi-hussars. Kodwa kwakuyunithi ephakeme, bathatha okungcono kakhulu. Kwakudingeka kube nokukhula okuphakeme nokukwakha kwezemidlalo, ukuqeqeshwa kwamahhashi kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwezempi, kanye nezinsiza zezimali ezihloniphekile, ngoba i-hussar kwakudingeka igqoke kahle futhi ikhululeke kakhulu (i-elite namanje!), Gcina ihhashi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amahhashi amaningana, Imishini edingekayo nezikhali kanye nokugcina, kodwa into ebalulekile - ukungesabi. Akuyona into yokuthi uLann, umshayeli webutho laseNapoleonic, ushilo ukuthi i-hussar eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu ubudala futhi engakaze ibulawe yilapho yilahlekile, hhayi i-hussar.

Imemori yamahhashi aphiko elinamaphiko

Kodwa i-hussars enamaphiko ayizange ihambe kakhulu esikhathini esidlule. Kubantu basePoland la masosha ayehloniphekile, abavikeli abanesibindi futhi abanesibindi ezweni labo kanye nezwe labo. Ngesikhathi sabo, lawa mahhashi ayeyizikhali "ngokuphelele" ekuxazululeni izingxabano ezihlukahlukene zempi.

Iziphathimandla ezihloniphekile neziphakeme zabalindi abaphethe amaphiko zangena ngokujulile ememori hhayi kuphela kumaPoles, kodwa kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zamazwe angomakhelwane. Babekhona futhi bahlala bengamaqhawe ezizwe ezizukulwaneni zonke zobusha basePoland.

Ngisho namanje, esikhathini sethu, ebuthweni lasePoland kukhona inqola yokulwa yama-helicopter ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Winged Hussar". Muva nje, la ma helicopter abe nesimanje esijulile futhi avuselelana nemicibisholo yokulwa ne-tank nezinhlelo ezintsha zokulawula umlilo. Le helikopta yasePoland ibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezinhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni wezindiza zokulwa .

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