I-Lenin Library. I-Moscow Lenin Library

Umtapo wolwazi waseRussia waseLenin uyincwadi yenarha yamazwe eRussian Federation. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, liyisikhungo esicwaninga sokucwaninga, isikhungo sezobuchwepheshe kanye nezeluleko. I-Lenin Library itholakala eMoscow. Iyini umlando walesi sikhungo? Ubani omile emthonjeni walo? Zingaki izincwadi uMtapo weLoscow waseLosin? Mayelana nalokhu okunye okuningi kamuva kulesi sihloko.

Incwadi kazwelonke yokugcina impahla kusukela ngo-1924 kuze kube namuhla

Umtapo we-State Lenin (ozovula amahora okuvula azofakwa ohlwini olungezansi) wasungulwa ngesisekelo seMyuziyamu yaseRumyantsev. Kusukela ngo-1932, idiphozithi yezincwadi ifakwe kuhlu lwazo izikhungo zokucwaninga ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, izimali eziyigugu kakhulu zazisuswa esikhungweni. Kwakugcwele futhi kuthekeliswa cishe imibhalo yesandla engavamile engama-700 000, eyayigcinwe yiLenin Library. I-Nizhny Novgorod yaba yindawo yokukhishwa kwemihlangano ebalulekile. Kumele ngithi eGorky kukhona nencwadi enkulu yokugcina imali - eyinhloko esifundeni.

Isikhathi sesikhathi

Esikhathini esukela ngoJulayi 1941 kuya ku-March 1942, iLenin Library yathumela izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-500 ngezinhlinzeko zokushintshanisa emazweni ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi amazwe angamaNgisi . Amazwe amaningi athola imvume. Ngomnyaka we-1942 i-depository yencwadi yasungula ubudlelwane bezokubhubhisa amabhuku namazwe angu-16 kanye nezinhlangano ezingu-189. Intshisekelo enkulu iboniswa ubudlelwano ne-USA ne-England.

NgoMeyi wonyaka ofanayo, ukuphathwa kwalesi sikhungo kwaqala "ukupaka izimpahla", okwaqedwa ngaphambi kokuphela kwempi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukufaka amakhabhinethi namakhemikhali kuthathwe ku-akhawunti futhi kufakwe ekubonweni okufanele. Igumbi lokuqala lokufunda le-depository yencwadi lavulwa ngo-1942, ngoMeyi 24. Esikhathini esilandelayo, ama-43-m, umnyango wobusha nezincwadi zezingane wakhiwa. Ngomnyaka we-1944, iLatini yeLenin yabuyisela izimali eziqakathekileko ezikhutjhwe ekuthomeni kwempi. Ngonyaka ofanayo, iBhodi kanye nencwadi yokuhlonipha yenziwa. NgoFebhuwari wangomnyaka we-44, umnyango wokubuyiselwa nokuhlanzeka wasungulwa encwadini yokufaka imali. Kuye, kwakhiwa i-laboratory yocwaningo. Ngonyaka ofanayo, imibuzo yaxazululwa ekudlulisweni kwezingqungquthela zezokwelapha kanye nezokubhaliselwa emtatsheni wezincwadi. Ukwakhiwa okusebenzayo kwalesi sikhwama kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa ukuthengwa kwezwe elidala kanye nezincwadi zikazwelonke. Ngo-1945, ngoMeyi 29, idiphozithi yebhuku yanikezwa i- Order kaLenin ngenhloso yakhe evelele ekulondolozweni nasekuqoqweni kwezincwadi nezinsiza ezilalelini eziningi. Kanye nalezizindondo nemiyalo ithole inombolo enkulu yabasebenzi besikhungo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-depository yezincwadi eminyakeni ye-post-war

Ngo-1946, kuphakama umbuzo mayelana nokwakheka kohlu oluhlanganisiwe lwezincwadi zaseRussia. Ngo-Ephreli 18 wonyaka ofanayo, i-State Lenin Library yaba indawo yenkomfa yabafundi. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1947, ilungiselelo lavunyelwa ukuthi imithethonqubo esungulwe yokuhlanganiswa kwencwadi ehlanganisiwe yezincwadi zaseRashiya ezincwadi ezinkulu ezinkulu zeSoviet Union.

Ukuze uqalise lo msebenzi, umkhandlu wesigodi wasungulwa ngesisekelo sezincwadi zokufaka imali. Kwakuhlanganisa abameli bemitapo yolwazi ehlukahlukene yomphakathi (egama layo linguSaltykov-Shchedrin, i-depository ye-Academy of Sciences nabanye). Ngenxa yemisebenzi yonke, ukulungiselela isisekelo sezinhlu zezinguqulo zesiRussia zekhulu le-19 zaqala. Futhi ngo-1947, umthumbi wamabhande kanye nesitimela kagesi belethwa ukuletha izidingo ekugcinweni kwezincwadi ezivela emakamelweni okufunda nomthumeli wamamitha angu-50 wokuthutha kwezincwadi.

Izinguquko zesakhiwo esikhungweni

Ekupheleni kuka-1952, iSitatimende se-depository yencwadi samukelwa. Ngo-Ephreli 1953, mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kweKomidi elibhekene nezindaba zezikhungo zamasiko nezemfundo, nokwakhiwa koMnyango Wezamasiko kwi-RSFSR, iLenin Library yathunyelwa kumnyango osanda kumiswa wokuphathwa kukahulumeni. Ngo-1955, emkhakheni wezithombe, ukushicilelwa nokusabalaliswa kwamakhadi okunyatheliswa kwama-atlases angenayo namabalazwe ku-ikhophi eyimpoqo yaqala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubhaliswa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwavuselelwa.

Kusukela ngo-1957 kuya ku-1958, kwavulwa amakamelo amaningi okufunda. Ngokuhambisana ne-Order ekhishwe yiMnyango Wezobuciko, ngo-1959 kwakhiwa ibhodi lomhleli, umsebenzi okwakudingeka ukuthi ushicilele amatafula emtatsheni wezincwadi kanye ne-bibliographic classification. Ngesikhathi sama-1959-60s, izimali ezisizayo ezazingamahholo esayensi zadluliselwa ekufinyeleleni okuvulekile. Ngakho-ke, phakathi naphakathi kwama-60ties amakamelo okufunda angaphezu kuka-20 asebenza encwadini yezitolo ezingaphezu kuka-2300 izindawo.

Izimpumelelo

Ngo-1973 umtapo wezincwadi obizwa ngokuthi uLenin wathola umklomelo omkhulu kunazo zonke eBulgaria - i-Order of Dmitrov. Ekuqaleni kuka-1975, iminyaka engamashumi ayisihlanu yokuguqulwa kwencwadi yomphakathi kaRumyantsev ibekwe kuzwelonke. Ekuqaleni kuka-1992 umtapo wolwazi wathola isimo seRashiya. Kulokhu okulandelayo, ngonyaka we-93, umnyango we-isoizdaniy ungomunye wabasunguli be-MABIS (iMoscow Association of Collections Art). Ngo-1995, iThe State Library yathola le phrojekthi "Memory of Russia". Ngonyaka olandelayo, iphrojekthi yezinsuku zesimanje ivunyiwe. Ngo-2001, i-Charter ebuyekeziwe ye-depository yencwadi ivunyiwe. Ngalokhu, kwaziswa abasha abathinta ulwazi, okwakushintsha kakhulu izinqubo zezobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo selabhulali.

Izimali zezincwadi zamabhuku

Iqoqo lokuqala lomtapo wolwazi kwakuwumhlangano weRumyantsev. Kwakuhlanganisa izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-28 000, amamephu angu-1000, imibhalo yesandla engu-700. Kwesinye seMithethonqubo yokuqala eqondisa umsebenzi we-depository yencwadi, kwathiwa zonke izincwadi kufanele zifakwe esikhungweni, esasizoshicilelwa eMbusweni waseRussia. Ngakho, kusukela ngo-1862, ikhophi ephoqelekile yaqala ukufika.

Ngemuva kwalokho, iminikelo neminikelo yaba ngumthombo obaluleke kakhulu wokubuyisela izimali. Ekuqaleni kuka-1917 umtapo wolwazi wawugcina izincwadi ezingaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2013, umthamo wesikhwama usuvele usu-44 million amakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-800. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-serial kanye nama-periodicals, amabhuku, imibhalo yesandla, imibhalo yamaphephandaba amaphephandaba, i-isoizdaniya (ukukhiqizwa okuyingxenye), amasampuli asendulo aphrintiwe, kanye namadokhumenti kubathwali bezokwaziswa bendabuko. I-Library yaseRussia eLenin ineqoqo lamadokhumenti angaphandle nakwasekhaya asemhlabeni jikelele ngokuqukethwe kwe-typological kanye nezinhlobo ngezilimi ezingaphezu kuka-360.

Umsebenzi wocwaningo lwesayensi

I-Lenin Library (i-photo book depository ifakwe kulesi sihloko) iyisikhungo esihamba phambili sezwe emkhakheni wencwadi, emtatsheni wezincwadi kanye ne-bibliography. Ososayensi abasebenza kule sikhungo bahlanganyele ekuthuthukiseni, ekusetshenzisweni nasekuthuthukiseni amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwazo yiSikhwama Sikazwelonke Semibhalo Esemthethweni, Ukubika, Ukukhomba Nokuvikelwa Kwezikhumbuzo Zencwadi ZaseRussia, iMemori YeRussia nabanye.

Ukwengeza, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zemfundiso, izisekelo zokwenza umsebenzi wezincwadi zamabhizinisi ziqhutshwa njalo, ukulungiswa kwemibhalo yezomthetho kanye neyomthetho emkhakheni wesayensi yezincwadi. Umnyango wezocwaningo uthatha ukudala imininingwane yolwazi, izinkomba, ukubuyekezwa kokukhiqizwa kochwepheshe, isayensi nesisizayo, isimo sezwe, ukuncoma. Imibuzo iphinda ikhiqizwe lapha kulo mqondo, indlela, umlando, ubuchwepheshe, inhlangano kanye nendlela yokwenza izincwadi. Ngokuvamile, umtapo wezincwadi uqhuba ucwaningo lwabantu abangenasidingo ngezici zomlando zenqubo yamasiko.

Imisebenzi yokwandisa imisebenzi ye-depository yencwadi

Imisebenzi yomnyango wokucwaninga wokufunda nezincwadi ihlanganisa ukwesekwa kokuhlaziywa kokusebenza komtapo wolwazi njengethuluzi lomgomo wolwazi wokubaluleka kobuzwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnyango uthuthukisa izindlela zokuziphatha kanye nemigomo yokuthola amakhophi abaluleke kakhulu emadokhumenti nasezincwadini, ukuqaliswa kwezincomo emisebenzini yesikhungo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo kanye namaphrojekthi okudalula izimali zethalabhulali. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, umsebenzi uqhutshwa ekutadisheni nasekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo kwezindlela zokubuyiselwa nokulondolozwa kwamadokhumenti emtapo wolwazi, ukuhlolwa kwezinqolobane, imisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe kanye neyeluleka.

I-Lenin Library Yamuva

Indawo esemthethweni yalesi sikhungo iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nomlando wemvelaphi, ukuthuthukiswa kwencwadi yokufaka imali. Lapha ungazijwayeza nezinhlu, izinsizakalo, imicimbi kanye namaphrojekthi. Isikhungo sisebenza kusukela ngoMsombuluko kuya kuLwesihlanu kusukela ngo-9 ekuseni ukuya ku-8: 00 ebusuku ngoMgqibelo kusukela ngo-9 kuya ku-7 ntambama. Usuku luyiSonto.

Umtapo wezincwadi manje usebenza isikhungo sokuqeqesha semfundo eyengeziwe kanye neye-postgraduate yemfundo yezochwepheshe. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngesisekelo selayisense evela ku-Federal Service Yokuqapha iSayensi Nemfundo. Ngokwesizinda kukhona i-postgraduate course, eqeqesha abaphathi kuma-specialties ethi "bibliology", "ibhaliography" kanye "nesayensi yelabhulali". Ezindaweni ezifanayo, uMkhandlu weDissertation usebenza, ogunyaziwe olubandakanya ukunikeza iziganga zemfundo kumdokotela kanye nomfundi wezokwelapha. Lo mnyango uvunyelwe ukuthatha ukuvikelwa komsebenzi wokubaluleka kwezayensi zezemfundo nezomlando.

Imithetho yokuqopha

Amakamelo okufundwa (okuyi-book depository 36) angasetshenziswa yizo zonke izakhamuzi - kokubili iRussia Federation kanye namazwe angaphandle - uma ufinyelela eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ukurekhoda kwenziwa kwimodi ezenzakalelayo, ehlinzeka ukukhishwa kwetheksi yepulasitiki kubafundi, lapho kukhona isithombe somuntu siqu sesakhamuzi. Ukuze uthole ikhadi lelabhulali, kumele unikeze ipasipoti enezimvume zokuhlala (noma ukubhaliswa endaweni yokuhlala), kubafundi - incwadi yokurekhoda yomfundi noma ikhadi lomfundi, labafundi abaphothule - idokhumenti yemfundo.

Ukubhaliswa okude futhi oku-intanethi

Umtapo wezincwadi unesistimu yokurekhoda ekude. Kulesi simo, ithikithi lelabhulali lwakhiwe. Izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe zidinga idokhumenti ukufakazela ukuthi ungubani, zihunyushwe ngesiRashiya. Ukuze ubhalise ithikithi le-elekthronikhi, yonke iphakheji yamaphepha adingekayo kufanele ithunyelwe ngeposi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona irekhodi e-intanethi. Itholakala kubafundi ababhalisiwe kusayithi. Irekhodi le-intanethi lenziwa kwiKhabhinethi yomuntu siqu.