Uhlelo lwe-capitalism Russia. Kutfutfukiswa capitalism eRussia. Uyini-capitalism: kwencazelo umlando

Imibandela ukuvela capitalism eRussia (isimiso sezomnotho, isisekelo okuyinto yangasese kanye nenkululeko yebhizinisi) kwakheka engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili. Njengakwamanye amazwe, yena kwathushuka. Izimpawu lokuzalwa isimiso esisha shá usukela emuva Petrine inkathi, lapho, isibonelo, ezimayini Urals Demidov, ngaphezu serfs wakhandleka futhi abasebenzi abangekho empini.

Nokho, akukho-capitalism kwakungenakwenzeka eRussia nje izwe elikhulu kabi athuthukile, ababagqilazayo abalimi khona. Ukukhululwa bakule ndawo kusukela isikhundla inceku maqondana bomhlaba kanye baba isiginali main ekuqaleni ubudlelwane olusha kwezomnotho.

Ukuphela feudalism

serfdom Russian uyekwa uMbusi u-Alexander II ngo-1861. abalimi Owabe ikilasi ka umphakathi amakhosi asendulo. Inguquko ukuze capitalism edolobhaneni kungenzekani kuphela ngemva ukwehlukana izakhamizi yasemakhaya onxiwankulu (kulaks) kanye sabasebenzi (izisebenzi). Le nqubo kwakuyinto eyimvelo, kwenzeka kuwo wonke amazwe. Kodwa-capitalism eRussia nabo bonke abahlobene ukuvela yayo izinqubo kube nezici eziningi ehlukile. Edolobhaneni kwakumelwe ekulondolozeni emiphakathini yasemakhaya.

Ngokwe-Manifesto ka-Alexander II, abalimi kwathiwa ngokomthetho khulula futhi uthola ilungelo lokuba nendawo, umsebenzi obuciko ukuhweba, ukuthengiselana, nokunye. D. Nokho, itjhuguluko emphakathini entsha ayikwazanga ukuthatha indawo ngobusuku obubodwa. Ngakho-ke, kulandela izinguquko 1861 kwaqala ukubonakala emizaneni umphakathi, okuyinto Wawugujelwani ukusebenza ubunikazi umhlaba ngokuhlanganyela. Sakaza ngokuvumela ukwahlukanisa okulinganayo iziza ngazinye umhlabathi olimekayo futhi system ezintathu ensimini lapho ingxenye eyodwa yawo ukuthi inoculated ne ebusika, kwesibili - entwasahlobo, futhi eyesithathu kwesokunxele yifusi.

babhekane nezinga elikhulu abalimi

Umphakathi equalized abalimi kanye amabhuleki capitalism eRussia, nakuba ayengakwazi ukuyimisa. Ingxenye bakule ndawo mpofu. Lesi sendlalelo waba ngomunye-ihhashi abalimi (ngoba umnotho ngokugcwele kudingeka amahhashi amabili). Lezi sabasebenzi yasemakhaya khona ngenxa yezinzuzo ohlangothini. Umphakathi akazange ukuyidlulisa abalimi kuleli dolobha futhi awazange abavumele ukuthengisa wesakhiwo, okuyinto nabo ngokomthetho ababekulo. isimo Mahhala de jure ayihambisani isimo de empeleni waba.

Ngo 1860-yalolucwaningo., Lapho iRussia langena indlela yentuthuko isicebi, umphakathi uye imisiwe lokhu kwemvelo ngenxa yokuzinikela kwayo ukulima okuvamile. Abalimi ngaphakathi eqenjini akuzange kudingeke ukuba uthathe isinyathelo sizifake engozini ngoba siqu umoya wabo ebhizinisi kanye sokuthuthukisa ezolimo. Ukuhambisana ingamaphesenti neyamukelekayo kubalulekile bakule ndawo olandelanayo. Lokhu abalimi ke Russian zazihluke kakhulu kusukela West, sekuyisikhathi eside abe umlimi-usomabhizinisi nge retailing ayo kanye yokuthengisa. abantu bendawo Domestic ngobuningi babe collectivists, ngenxa yimuphi kubo Kulula kanjalo ukuze asakaze imibono wamavukelambuso zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni.

capitalism nezokulima

Kusukela 1861 ezenzweni emakethe aseqalile kabusha emnothweni umninindlu. Njengoba kunjalo abalimi, uqale nqubo yokuzihlukanisa kancane kancane kule ndawo. Ngisho abanikazi bamazwe abaningi inert futhi amile zazinolwazi abo ukuqonda ukuthi yini-capitalism. Ukunqunywa ngomlando ethemini ngempela kuhlanganisa ngisho nokuphathwa kwegama zomsebenzi eqashiwe. Nokho, umkhuba, ukulungiselelwa okunjalo umgomo amthandayo, kunokuba isimo sokuqala. Ekuqaleni, ngemva kabusha ngaphambi kwabanikazi bamazwe umnotho baqhubeka emajele kwabo abalimi ezathatha esenana yomshikashika wabo ezweni yaqashiswa.

Uhlelo lwe-capitalism Russia kancane kancane ukumila. Ezisanda yakhululwa abalimi, omasha ukusebenza amakhosi wangaphambili, wasebenza nezinkomo zabo okulima. Ngakho, abanikazi bamazwe kwakungafanele capitalists ngomqondo ogcwele wegama, ngoba abazange ukutshala ekukhiqizeni nokulingana. I izimayini ke kubhekwe phambili yokufa off of ubudlelwano amakhosi asendulo.

okuthuthukisa ezolimo capitalism eRussia liqukethe aphuma zakudala ekwenzeni umkhiqizo othe xaxa lezimpahla zemvelo. Nokho, kule nqubo kungenzeka wazi izici ubudala amakhosi asendulo. Abalimi ukuthengisa kuphela ukuqina esisha imikhiqizo yayo, izinsalela oqothulayo ngokwakho. lezimpahla kosozimali Kusolwa ngenye indlela. Zonke imikhiqizo kwadingeka ukuba ithengiswe, kuyilapho siqu ukudla ongumlimi umkhaya walo kulesi simo, wathenga ngezithukuthuku inzuzo yabo siqu. Noma kunjalo, kakade eyishumi yakhe yokuqala ukuthuthukiswa capitalism eRussia kuye kwaholela funa kwandisa imikhiqizo yobisi imifino emizini. Elibazungezile waqala ukwakha izakhiwo ezintsha ukulima yangasese kanye nemfuyo.

NGESIKHATHI senguquko kwezezimboni

Umphumela obalulekile, okuholele ekutheni ukuvela capitalism eRussia, kwaba wamboza izwe izinguquko kwezezimboni. It okugqugquzelwa ukwehlukana kancane kancane umphakathi ongumlimi. craftwork athuthukisiwe futhi ukukhiqizwa wezandla.

Ukuze ifomu sici feudalism umkhakha kwaba izikebhe. Ukuba izimo ezintsha wezomnotho nezenhlalakahle mass, sekuwumkhuba umkhakha cottage. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ayebonakala nabadayisi, okuyinto ixhunywe ezidayiswayo bese abakhiqizi. Lezi abathengi bexhashazwa artisan kanye wahlala ngezithukuthuku ukuhweba inzuzo. Kancane kancane bakha ungqimba osomabhizinisi ezimbonini.

. Ngo-1860s, lapho Russia langena indlela yentuthuko kosozimali futhi waqala esigabeni sokuqala ubudlelwane isicebi - nokubambisana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo waqala inqubo shintsho nzima ukuba ilwe zabasebenzi emkhakheni umkhakha esindayo, okuyinto ngaphambi isikhathi eside esetshenziswa ezishibhile kuphela disenfranchised zabasebenzi eziboshiwe. Yesimanje nzima abanikazi disinterest. Nezimboni ikhokhwe abasebenzi amaholo aphansi. izimo zokusebenza Kubi ngokuphawulekayo radicalized sabasebenzi.

izinkampani okuhlangene isitokwe

capitalism Ubude eRussia ngekhulu le-19 esiye sabhekana amagagasi eziningana okusheshayo umkhakha yokutakula. Omunye wabo weza 1890s. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ka kancane kancane athuthuke lenhlangano kwezomnotho zokukhiqiza kanye nokuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji sekubangele ukukhula okukhulu emakethe. Industrial capitalism ongene esigabeni esisha yentuthuko, okuyinto eyaba samuntu eziningi izinkampani okuhlangene isitokwe. Digit komnotho ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka, azikhulumele. Ngo-1890-yalolucwaningo. Industrial okukhipha kabili.

Noma yimuphi capitalism kusenkingeni, lapho lukhumuzeka ku ayitholwa capitalism ne corporations ususuthi ukuthi ungumnikazi sphere ezithile kwezomnotho. ERussia imperial it is hhayi kwenzeka ngokugcwele, kuhlanganise ngenxa ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle ahlukahlukene. Ikakhulukazi imali eningi angaphandle agelezela ezokuthutha, yokusansimbi, uwoyela embonini yamalahle. It kwenzeka ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka, abantu bakwamanye amazwe esitshalweni ukuqondisa ukutshalwa kwezimali, kuyilapho ukubolekisa ngaphambilini ayethanda. iminikelo enjalo ngenxa inzuzo enkulu nesifiso osomabhizinisi ukwenza imali.

Export and yokungenisa

Russia, akazange abe ethuthukisiwe izwe lamakhephithalisti, akazange abe nesikhathi phambi inguquko ukuqala ukuthekelisa mass nobunikazi benkampani. Kumnotho wasekhaya, kunalokho, wasamukela ngokuzithandela lesi ukumnika lamazwe esithuthuke kabanzana. Ngaso nje leso sikhathi-Europe zanqwabelana "inhlokodolobha isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona" ababefuna ukusetshenziswa yabo ezimakethe angaphandle ethembisa.

Imibandela yokukhipha dolobha Russian awulona khona. Yena liphazamisa Izinsalela eziningi ka feudalism, nedlelo omkhulu wamakoloni, ekhona ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa engabalulekile ukukhiqizwa. Uma-dolobha athathwa, kwaba ikakhulukazi emazweni asempumalanga. Lokhu kwakwenziwa phakathi zokukhiqiza noma ngesimo sokubolekwayo. Kudingeka imali eningi ukuhlala Manchuria neChina (ruble abangaba yizigidi ezingu-750). Umkhakha ethandwa ngabo kwaba ezokuthutha. Cishe abayizigidi ezingu-600 ruble abangu etshaliwe ngesiShayina Eastern sesitimela.

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-XX leminyaka ukukhiqizwa yezimboni isiRashiya kwakuwulimi kakade lesihlanu ngobukhulu emhlabeni wonke. Kulokhu, kumnotho wasekhaya waba ngowokuqala ngokuya ukusebenza ukukhula. Ukuqala capitalism eRussia wayephezu, izwe manje ngokushesha baxoxelane nge izimbangi eziphambili kakhulu. Empire esesikhundleni uhola ngokwemibandela ukukhiqizwa okuhlushwa. amabhizinisi wayo omkhulu endaweni yomsebenzi isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu lonke sabasebenzi.

izici isici

imphawu letibalulekile capitalism eRussia lingachazwa e izigaba ezimbalwa. Ohlanga iyizwe emakethe abasha. Ukwakhiwa kwezimboni waqala lapha umhla kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ngenxa yalokho, ingxenye enkulu umkhakha wamabhizinisi lwakhiwe muva. Lezi izinto anemisila ubuchwepheshe bamuva. Ngokuyinhloko, lezi zinkampani eyakhe izinkampani ezinkulu zomphakathi ukuze. E-West, abazalwane babeba abaqaphile kodwa ncamashi okuphambene. izinkampani European zazincane futhi imishini yabo - engaphansi kuka ephelele.

Nge utshalomali enkulu angaphandle isikhathi sokuqala capitalism eRussia libhekene ngokunqoba imikhiqizo yasekhaya kunokuba amazwe. izimpahla Foreign amazwe kwakungafanele inzuzo, kodwa ukufakwa kwemali kubhekwa lesi sikhundla esinemali. Ngakho-ke, e-1890s. bamazwe nalamanye emave e-Russia ephethwe cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu share capital.

A umfutho sina ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha wangasese inikwe amandla ukwakhiwa Elikhulu laseSiberia sesitimela ezivela eRussia European ePacific Ocean. le phrojekthi bekulokhu yomphakathi, kodwa izinto zokusetshenziswa othengwe kusukela ibhizinisi ngaye. Trans-Siberian sesitimela eminyakeni ezayo kuyoba ukunikeza oda eziningi abakhiqizi amalahle, insimbi, futhi amakhanda. On isibonelo onguthelawayeka usukela njengoba kumiswa capitalism eRussia idale emakethe ezihlukahlukene izimboni.

emakethe yangaphakathi

Kanye ukukhula zokukhiqiza kanye nokukhula emakethe zenzeka. Izinto eyinhloko Russian steel nokuthengiswa ushukela namafutha (Russia ekhiqizwa cishe uhhafu umkhiqizo kawoyela emhlabeni). Massively amazwe imishini. Encishisiwe yisabelo ukotini amazwe (kumnotho wasekhaya sekuqalile ukugxila izinto zalo Asia Ephakathi eluhlaza).

Ukwehlisa emakethe kazwelonke yangaphakathi zenzeka endaweni lapho into ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisimo izisebenzi zingene ejokeni. Ukusatshalaliswa omusha imali waphenduka esivuna umkhakha namadolobha Nokho, kuphula izithakazelo abahloniphekile bakuleli dolobhana. Ngakho-ke, kulandele izifunda wezolimo zisale kule nentuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho ngokuziqhathanisa endaweni yezimboni. A isibonelo esifanayo babevamile emazweni amaningi abasha zama-Capitalist.

Kutfutfukiswa emakethe yasekhaya nomthelela yonke nojantshi efanayo. Ngo 1861-1885 GG. ayizinkulungwane 24 emakhilomitha nojantshi ezakhiwa, lokulandisa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ubude izindlela ngosuku olwandulela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Central ezokuthutha ihabhu kwaba eMoscow. Lokho-ke uxhuma zonke izifunda zwe elikhulukazi. Yiqiniso, isimo esinjalo ayikwazanga ukuyisiza kunonophisa kutfutfukiswa nezomnotho kulo muzi ka ngaphansi koMbuso Russian yesibili. Sesitimela Ngcono kusiza zokuxhumana isikhungo kanye emaphethelweni. Kukhona entsha inter-kuhwebelana izibopho.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi nengxenye kwekhulu XIX yesibili, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma isinkwa wasala cishe ezingeni elifanayo, kanti imboni is kabanzi athuthukiswe futhi ngakhula amavolumu ukukhiqizwa. Enye mkhuba ezingemnandi kwaba nezinxushunxushu e fares e izitimela. kabusha yabo senzeka ngo-1889. Ukulungisa yamanani zivela kuhulumeni. Inqubo entsha kakhulu kwasiza ekuthuthukiseni umnotho isicebi kanye emakethe yangaphakathi.

ukuphikisana

Kodwa ngo-1880-yalolucwaningo. Ngaqala ukwakha capitalism ayitholwa eRussia. amahlumela yakhe athoma ukuvela ngaphakathi umkhakha ujantshi. Ngo 1882 wabonakala "Union wesitimela imboni," futhi ngo-1884 -. "Union of abakhiqizi kojantshi iziqobosho" futhi "isakhiwo ibhuloho izimboni Union"

Kwakheka onxiwankulu ezimbonini. Phakathi zawo zazilotshiwe abathengisi omkhulu, ababekade intela abalimi, Estates abaqashile. Abaningi babo wathola nendlela yokukhuthaza impahla kusuka kuhulumeni. I ibhizinisi kosozimali ngenkuthalo kwaba abathengisi abathintekayo. Kube onxiwankulu abangamaJuda. Ngenxa Pale, abanye sifundazwe emngceleni zone eningizimu nasentshonalanga ye-European eRussia aminyene dolobha abathengisi.

Ngo 1860, uhulumeni wasungula Bank State. Waba isisekelo abasha kohlelo credit, ngaphandle okungekhona umlando capitalism eRussia. It kwavusa ekuqongeleleni imali osomabhizinisi. Nokho, kwakukhona izimo eziye sebehlushwa sina nesanda dolobha. Ngo 1860-yalolucwaningo. Russia sihlangabezane "ukotini indlala", zinhlekelele kwezomnotho okwenzeka ngo-1873 futhi 1882. Kodwa ngisho nala ukuhlukahluka akakwazanga ukumvimba ekuqongeleleni.

Nokukhuthaza intuthuko capitalism kanye umkhakha kuleli zwe, isimo uboshelwe ukuthatha indlela mercantilism futhi umumo okhululekile. Engels kuqhathaniswa ukuphela Russian kwekhulu XIX, nge-France XIV, lapho ukuvikelwa izithakazelo abakhiqizi yasekhaya futhi wadala zonke izimo ukukhula silwenza.

kumiswa sabasebenzi

Noma yimuphi izimpawu capitalism eRussia babengeke bamukelwe incazelo uma izwe akusho ukukhiqiza isigaba agcwele zokusebenza. Umfutho lasungulwa kwaba izinguquko kwezezimboni 1850-1880-yalolucwaningo. Sabasebenzi - isigaba somphakathi ovuthiwe zama-Capitalist. umsuka walo kwaba isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni komphakathi of the Empire, Russian. Ukuzalwa uquqaba ukusebenza ushintshe yonke ajenda zezenhlalo nezombusazwe kuleli zwe elikhulukazi.

inguqulelo Russian kusukela feudalism ukuba ne-capitalism, futhi ngalesosizathu ukubukeka sabasebenzi kwakufanele izinqubo nehlolamvula olukhulu. Imininingwane khona kwabo, kanye nezinye izici ezivelele wazithatha ngenxa izinsalela umphakathi wangaphambili nokongiwa, lombhalo uhlelo, landlordism futhi inqubomgomo olandelanayo we uhulumeni tsarist.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka kusuka 1865 kuya ku-1980, ukukhula yesigaba sabasebenzi embonini wemboni komnotho zaba 65%, ezimayini - 107%, esikhathini ujantshi - an amazing 686%. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, kwakukhona abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-10 abasebenzi. Ngaphandle ekuhlaziyweni kumiswa isigaba esisha ayiqondakali ukuthi capitalism. Ukunqunywa izindaba kusinika ekwakhiweni ezomile, kodwa amazwi okuhlakanipha afingqiwe izinombolo babe isiphetho izigidi nezigidi zabantu, washintsha ngokuphelele indlela yokuphila kwakhe. Labor yokufuduka uquqaba ezinkulukazi kwaholela nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni.

Abasebenzi yayikhona eRussia phambi Industrial Revolution. Kwakumelwe serfs owayesebenza manufactories, edume kakhulu okwakukhona kulo amabhizinisi Ural. Nokho, umthombo oyinhloko ukukhula kwaba sabasebenzi ezintsha bekhululiwe abalimi. ngokuvamile Inqubo zokuguqula ekilasini kwakubuhlungu. Izisebenzi bafaka abampofu futhi bawaphuca ifa lawo abalimi amahhashi. Ukuhoxiswa ebanzi kakhulu lo muzi wawakhiwe ebonwe izifundazwe ezisenkabeni: Yaroslavl, eMoscow, uVladimir, Tver. Ngaphansi ngokuvamile, le nqubo abathintekayo ezifundazweni eziseningizimu asemaqeleni. Futhi ukuphambuka omncane wawuhlangene ngandlela-Belarus naseLithuania, nakuba kuba khona ukuthi ukwanda kwabantu ngokweqile kwezolimo. Kokunye futhi okuyindida ukuthi izikhungo yezimboni wafuna abantu kusukela nedlelo, hhayi kusukela ezifundazweni eziseduze. Izici eziningi kumiswa sabasebenzi kuleli zwe kuveziwe imisebenzi yakhe, uVladimir Lenin. "Ukuthuthuka Kwendlela capitalism Russia", enikelwe isihloko, wangena ukuphrinta e 1899.

inkokhelo okuphansi sabasebenzi kwakufaneleka ikakhulukazi sici umkhakha elincane. Kwaba kukhona ukuthi kuyofikwa ukuxhashazwa abesabekayo abasebenzi. Abasebenzi wazama ukushintsha kwalezi zimo ezinzima ngosizo ukuphinda uqeqesho kanzima. Abalimi wahlanganyela izimboni amancane, babe ayizisebenzi ezikude. Phakathi la mafomu zesikhashana kwezomnotho imisebenzi kwakuvamile.

capitalism yesimanje

isigaba Russian capitalism, ezihlobene kwenkathi bobukhosi, namuhla ingabonakala kuphela njengoba into kude futhi engachazeki bathinteka ezweni yesimanje. Isizathu Okthoba Revolution-1917. Liqala ukubusa, amaBolshevik wakhela nezimboni kanye nobukhomanisi. Uhlelo lwe-capitalism, impahla yayo yangasese futhi ibhizinisi khulula eyayiyikho esikhathini esidlule.

I ukuvuselela umnotho emakethe isibe kungenzeka kuphela ngemva kokuwa Soviet. Inguquko kusuka oluya production i-capitalism kwaba elibukhali, kumuntfutisa wakhe oyinhloko baba izinguquko ovulekile we-1990. Yibo labo eyakhelwe izisekelo kwezomnotho lamadolobha esimanjemanje Russian Federation.

kwamenyezelwa ekupheleni 1991. Ngo kwathatha emakethe. Ngo-December lwenziwe intengo ukuxegiswa, kuhilelani ayehle kakhulu amandla emali. Waseqala ivawusha azimele, ezidingekile ukudluliswa kwempahla isimo ezandleni yangasese. Ngo-January 1992, wakhipha isimemezelo ku ukuhweba khulula, amathuba amasha ezisatholakala. Ngokushesha le ruble Soviet sahoxiswa, nohlobo lwemali kazwelonke Russian sihlangabezane okuzenzakalelayo, kwachitheka Yiqiniso futhi ihlelo. Uma uhamba kulo nezivunguvungu 1990., Izwe seyakhe capitalism entsha. Kwakungenxa Izimo aphila kuzo emphakathini wanamuhla Russian.