Imithombo yamanje, amakhemikhali. Izinhlobo imithombo zamanje zamakhemikhali kudivayisi

imithombo yamanje , amakhemikhali (HIT esifushanisiwe) - lithathelwe, lapho amandla yokusabela redox iguqulwe ibe amandla kagesi. amanye amagama wabo - i-electrochemical cell, iseli kukagesi , eyeseli electrochemical. yokusebenza yabo simiso okulandelayo: nokuxhumana we reagents ezimbili kubangela ukusabela chemical nge njalo kagesi lamanje amandla Kwabiwa. Ngamanye zamanje inqubo umthombo ekhiqiza ugesi kwenzeka isikimu multistage. Okokuqala eyakhululwa energy ezishisayo, khona-ke uyobe uguqulwa mechanical kuphela ke ibe amandla kagesi. Advantage HIT - inqubo eyodwa esigabeni, okusho ukuthi ugesi etholwe ngqo, ngokudlula izinyathelo yokunikeza ezishisayo kanye namandla lokukhanda.

indaba

benza umthombo wokuqala lwamanje kanjani? imithombo chemical nabizelwa amaseli kukagesi emva usosayensi wase-Italy kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili - Luigi Galvani. Wayengumuntu udokotela, anatomist, physiologist futhi physics. Enye yezindawo zocwaningo yakhe kwaba ukufunda ukusabela izilwane amathonya ahlukahlukene zangaphandle. Indlela chemical lokuveza ugesi uvulekele Galvani ngephutha, ngesikhathi omunye ucwaningo yakhe amaxoxo. It ixhunywe ezinzwa engahleliwe frog imilenze plate amabili metal. Ngesikhathi lokhu kwenzeka ukusikwa kwemisipha. incazelo siqu lokhu mkhuba Galvani eyayingalungile. Kodwa imiphumela ucwaningo lakhe nokubona wasiza compatriot yakhe Alessandro Volta ezifundweni okwalandela.

Volta bachazela emsebenzini wakhe imfundiso yokuziphendukela okuvela zamanje kagesi ngokusebenzisa yokusabela chemical phakathi izinsimbi ezimbili nabo izicubu kwemisipha frog. Eyokuqala umthombo chemical zamanje wawufana isitsha brine, amapuleti egxilile therein zinc nethusi.

Esikhathini zezimboni ukuziphilisa CCS kwaqala ukukhiqizwa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, sibonga engumFulentshi Leklanshe owasungula eyinhloko manganese-zinc amaseli ngosawoti electrolyte, ezibizwa ngegama lakhe. Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, le ithuthukisiwe cell electrochemical kwamanye ososayensi futhi iyona kuphela eyinhloko chemical imithombo kagesi phambi 1940.

Design kanye nokusebenza HIT

chemical kudivayisi umthombo zamanje kuhlanganisa electrode amabili (babashayeli uhlobo lokuqala) kanye electrolyte esisele (umbhidisi uhlobo lwesibili, noma ion umqhubi). Emngceleni ezingaba electronic eba khona phakathi kwabo. I electrode lapho i-ejenti ekunciphiseni is oxidized ebizwa ngokuthi anode, umuntukazana lapho yokutakula oxidant - cathode. Kanye electrolyte, bakha uhlelo electrochemical.

A eceleni ukuthi bayavuma redox phakathi electrode kuyinto okuvela kuyo i kagesi. Ngalesi ukusabela, ejenti ekunciphiseni is oxidised futhi oxidant unika electron ukuthi uyabamukela futhi ngenxa yalokhu kubuyiselwa. Ukuba khona electrolyte phakathi cathode kanye anode kuyindlela yemvelo yokusabela lapho imfuneko. Uma nje uhlanganise ndawonye izimpushana ngezinto ezimbili ezihlukene, akukho osenyameni kagesi ingekho, bonke amandla bayokhululwa njengoba ukushisa. I electrolyte kuyadingeka ukuze lula inqubo yokudlulisa electron. Ngokuvamile izenzo kasawoti noma ncibilika quality yayo.

I electrode ibukeke ipuleti metal noma kugridi. Ngezinye ukucwiliswa yabo electrolyte kuphakama umehluko kagesi ezingaba phakathi kwawo - evulekile wesifunda voltage. I anode enokuthambekela umthelela electron kanye cathode - ukuba ukwamukelwa kwabo. On ezindaweni zawo chemical yokusabela iqala. Bayeka by kuvulwa iketango, kanye lapho omunye reactants yokuqothulwa. Breaking kwenzeka ukususwa omunye electrode noma electrolyte.

Ukwakheka electrochemical izinhlelo

imithombo yamanje oxidants chemical asetshenziswa njengoba oxygen acid nosawoti, umoya-mpilo, halides, ephakeme oxides metal kwakwakhe nitroorganic futhi t. D. Ukunciphisa ejenti ezikulo ziyiziqondiso izinsimbi kanye oxides yabo ephansi, i-hydrogen, futhi hydrocarbon compounds. Njengoba electrolyte esetshenziswa:

1. izixazululo aqueous of acid, alikhali, usawoti kanye nokunye. D.
2. izixazululo Nonaqueous nge ion conductivity etholwe Ukuqedwa usawoti ezihogelwayo noma wezinto ezingaphili.
3. usawoti liyancibilika.
4. compounds Solid nge ngehele ionic, lapho omunye ion ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla.
5. Matrix electrolyte. Lokhu izixazululo liquid noma Udambisa asezindaweni ezimbotsheni umzimba okuqinile okungezona conductive - elektronositelya.
6. Ion-exchange electrolyte. Lokhu uxhumano esiqinile ngezinto ezingashi amaqembu esinqunyiwe ionic yesibonakaliso efanayo. esinye isibonakaliso sikaJona ngenkathi ephathekayo. Le mpahla kwenza conductivity we unipolar electrolyte.

ibhethri kukagesi

imithombo Chemical zamanje aqukethe amaseli electrochemical - amaseli. Amaphaphu kwesinye salezi amaseli incane - kusuka 0.5 kuya 4V. Kuye ngezidingo, UKUSHAYA zisebenzisa ibhethri kukagesi, kwala maphuzu ambalwa serially axhunyiwe. It ngezinye izikhathi lisetshenziselwa parallel noma ngokuqondene uchungechunge ayefana ezakhi eziningana. Ngo wesifunda uchungechunge njalo zihlanganisa kuphela amangqamuzana ayinhloko efanayo noma amabhethri. Kumele babe nemingcele efanayo yilezi: uhlelo electrochemical, umklamo, inqubo ukushintshashintsha kanye nosayizi. Ukuze uxhumano parallel kungenzeka ukusebenzisa izakhi letingemasayizi lahlukene.

ngezigaba HIT

imithombo Chemical zingafani:

• usayizi;
• ukwakhiwa;
• reagents;
• Nature energoobrazuyuschey ukuphendula.

Lezi nemingcele ukuchaza nokusebenza CCS efanelekayo ohlelweni oluthile.

Ukwahlukanisa amaseli electrochemical okusekelwe umehluko Umgomo we operation. Kuye kulezi zici, ukuhlukanisa:

1. Primary chemical imithombo - Izinto zalutho. Banezinhliziyo reagents ezithile isitokwe, okuyinto kudliwe ukusabela. Ngemva enjalo osenyameni iseli umnyuziki ilahlekelwa kahle. Kwesinye HIT eyinhloko ngokuthi amaseli kukagesi. Uthembekile uyomane ukubabiza - element. Isibonelo olula oyinhloko amandla umthombo - "Ibhetri" AA.
2. Elishajekayo chemical imithombo zamanje - amabhethri (obizwa nangokuthi yesibili, HIT esethola) kukhona izakhi esebenza. Ngu ngidlula wamanje kusuka wesifunda zangaphandle ohlangothini reverse ngokusebenzisa ibhethri emva osenyameni wachitha reactants umnyuziki ezivuselela futhi ukuqongelela chemical amandla (sowukhokhiswa). Ngenxa kungenzeka ukushaja kusukela sangaphandle njalo zamanje umthombo divayisi isetshenziselwa isikhathi eside, ngezikhathi ezithile ashona. Inqubo yokwenza energy kagesi libizwa ukudedelwa accumulator. Lezi zihlanganisa amabhethri UKUSHAYA amadivayisi eziningi electronic (laptops, omakhalekhukhwini kanye nokunye. N.).
3. Thermal chemical imithombo - kumadivayisi we isenzo esiqhubekayo. Phakathi ukusebenza kwabo kukhona ukugeleza esiqhubekayo amaqoqwana entsha reagents nokususwa imikhiqizo ukuphendula.
4. Sebebonke (polutoplivnyh) amaseli electrochemical abe stock omunye reactants. Idivayisi wesibili yanikezwa ngaphandle. Impilo ka idivayisi kuncike ukuphakelwa kukagesi endaweni reactant kuqala. Kuhlanganiswe chemical imithombo zamanje kagesi ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo amabhethri, uma kukhona kungenzeka wokubuyisela ababaphathisiwe by odlula wamanje kusuka njengomthombo wangaphandle.
5. UKUSHAYA evuselelekayo agcwalisiwe athutha noma afakwe imithi. Kubo, kungenzeka ukuba esikhundleni emva ukushaja okugcwele wachitha reagents izingxenye ezintsha. Lokho, lokho akusho ukuthi amadivayisi okuqhubekayo kanye, efana amabhethri ngezikhathi agcwalisiwe.

izici UKUSHAYA

I izici eziyinhloko zamakhambi chemical ugesi zihlanganisa:

1. Vula wesifunda voltage (OCV noma zinamandla ukudedela). Lokhu kulinganisela ngokuyinhloko kuncike ohlelweni electrochemical (inhlanganisela-ejenti ekunciphiseni, umenzeli oxidizing kanye electrolyte). Futhi OCV kuthinte electrolyte okuhlushwa, degree sokukhishwa, izinga lokushisa kanye nabanye. OCV incike ukubaluleka wamanje egeleza ngokusebenzisa HIT.
2. Amandla.
3. Lamanje osenyameni - kuncike zangaphandle wesifunda ukumelana.
4. Umthamo - lemali ugesi enikeza HIT uma ngokuphelele esibhedlela.
5. Okuqukethwe amandla - amandla esiphezulu etholwe idivayisi umnyuziki khulula.
6. Amandla izici. Ukuze amabhethri, it is ngokuyinhloko yibhange inombolo ngaphandle kwenkokhiso uze uphele du imijikelezo ngaphandle ukwehlisa voltage noma ophethe amandla (isisetshenziswa).
7. Temperature nebanga lokusebenza.
8. isikhathi Storage - lemali isikhathi phakathi ukwakhiwa idivayisi khulula kuqala.
9. ukuphila Service - esiphezulu inani lesitoreji kanye nomsebenzi nokuphila. Ukuze fuel cell kukhona nezikhathi ebalulekile service nge operation okuqhubekayo futhi ngakanye.
10. Inani amandla ilethwa impilo yonke inkonzo.
11. amandla Mechanical maqondana vibration, ukushaqeka, nokunye. N.
12. Amandla ukusebenza kunoma iyiphi indawo.
13. Ukuthembeka.
14. yesondlo Easy.

Izimfuneko HIT

Umklamo amaseli electrochemical kufanele ahlinzeke kwesimo lesilungele ukusabela eyiyo. Lezi zimo zihlanganisa:

• ekuvimbeleni ukuvuza zamanje;
• umsebenzi iyunifomu;
• amandla mechanical (kuhlanganise ukubekwa uphawu);
• ngokuhlukana we reactants;
• ukuthintana kuhle phakathi electrode futhi electrolyte;
• ukuchithela zamanje kusukela zone ukuphendula kuhlelo okukhipha yangaphandle nge ukulahlekelwa ubuncane.

imithombo yamanje, amakhemikhali kumelwe bahlangabezane nezimfuneko jikelele ezilandelayo:

• aphakeme nemingcele ethize;
• esiphezulu lokushisa uhla operability;
• ukucindezeleka kunabo bonke;
• izindleko ubuncane iyunithi amandla;
• voltage ukuzinza;
• ukushaja ukulondolozwa;
• nokuvikeleka;
• lula yesondlo, futhi kuhle akunasidingo ke;
• ukuphila isikhathi eside.

Ukusebenza HIT

Inzuzo enkulu amangqamuzana ayinhloko - sasingeke sibe khona isidingo yesondlo. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenzisa ngokwanele ukuba uhlole ukubukeka, eshalofini-ukuphila. Uma ixhunywe kubalulekile ukugcina polarity futhi uhlole ubuqotho oxhumana nabo bedivayisi. Okuningi eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali imithombo - amabhethri, sezifuna ukunakekelwa eyingozi. Injongo inkonzo yabo - isandiso esiphezulu zokuphila. Ukunakekela ibhetri:

• nokugcinwa nokuhlanzeka;
• ukuqapha evulekile wesifunda voltage;
• nokugcina ezingeni electrolyte (i refilling amanzi kuphela distilled ingasetshenziswa);
• Ukulawula emakamu electrolyte (nge hydrometer - inkimbinkimbi sokulinganisa ukuminyana uketshezi).

Phakathi ukusebenza kwamaseli electrochemical kudingeka sivumelane nazo zonke izimfuneko eziphathelene ukusetshenziswa okuphephile basebenzise izinto zikagesi.

HIT Ukwahlukanisa izinhlelo electrochemical

Izinhlobo imithombo chemical zamanje, kuncike ohlelweni:

• kuholele (acid);
• nickel-cadmium, nickel-yensimbi, nickel-zinc;
• manganese-zinc, ithusi-zinc, i-zinc, i-zinc-chloride;
• esiliva-zinc, isiliva ne-cadmium;
• air-metal;
• nickel-hydrogen ne esiliva-i-hydrogen;
• manganese-magnesium;
• lithium futhi t. d.

ukusetshenziswa Wanamuhla HIT

imithombo yamanje, amakhemikhali It njengamanje lisetshenziswe:

• izimoto;
• amadivaysi ephathekayo;
• ezempi kanye isikhala ubuchwepheshe;
• imishini yesayensi;
• Medicine (elawula ukushaya kwenhliziyo).

tibonelo letetayelekile ka HIT ekhaya:

• amabhethri (amaseli ezomile);
• amabhethri ephathekayo ekhaya Imishini kanye electronics;
• uninterruptible ugesi;
• imoto amabhethri.

Ikakhulukazi kabanzi bamukela lithium chemical imithombo kagesi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lithium (Li) inenani amandla kwabantu. Iqiniso ukuthi inama omubi electrode ezingaba zonke ezinye izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Lithium-ion (Lia) ngaphambi zonke ezinye abakuzuzile CCS namandla ezithile voltage zokusebenza. Manje kancane kancane balukhulume sphere entsha - ngemgwaco. Esikhathini kwenqubekela-phambili kwezesayensi esizayo ezihlobene ngcono lithium amabhethri, kuzoya bebheke ultrathin imiklamo ezinkulu ezisindayo-duty amabhethri.