I-Obrok uhlobo lentela nokuqashiswa

I-Obrok ingenye yezinhlobo zentela abahlali be-serf banikezela inkosi yabo. Imvelo ibizwa ngokuthi, uma ikhokhwe ngokudla, imali - uma imali. Kwakufanelekile ukufaka lokhu ngeqiniso lokuthi badala ama-serfs, okungukuthi, kusukela "kokukhiqizwa kokudlula". Imalimboleko yemvelo iyinhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo yezolimo (imifino, okusanhlamvu, iwayini), izimpahla zabadwebi. Ngekhulu le-15, i-corvée isiye yaba yesikhashana kancane. I-obor esemqoka yi-obrok.

Obrok njengentela

Kumelwe ngithi isiko eRussia sasivela ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye futhi sasingokwemvelo. Ukulungiswa kobukhulu bayo kuhlelwe ngekhulu le-14. Ngemuva kwalokho, indima ebaluleke kakhulu idlalwe ubudlelwane bemali, kanti i-obrok iqala ukukhokhwa ngemali kancane kancane. Okuhle kakhulu, lo mkhuba usuqalile emazweni aseNovgorod. Lapho kutholakala ama-corvée ekhulwini leshumi le-16, uhlobo lwe-stratification lwenzeka esimweni sezilwane: abalimi bezindlu abakhokhelwa ama-corvee, kuyilapho izilimi zezwe nezindela zikhokha imali. Kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-18, seliye lakhula ngombala okhulayo ngenxa yokukhula kobudlelwane bemakethe. Wakhokha ngaphezu kwengxenye yabo bonke abalimi kuzo zonke izifundazwe engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia (55% engxenyeni engeyona-chernozem kanye no-26% endaweni ye-chernozem). Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuphawula intela, ubukhulu bayo bubekwe futhi bukhokhwe ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokubona umbono kanye nesifiso sabasimilayo.

Umlando wesitoreji

Ngaphandle kwalokho, kwakuyisibopho semali esasizuzisa kakhulu abalimi, ngoba sanikeze ngokuzimela nokuzimela ekuphatheni. Ngakho-ke, empeleni, yonke imizamo yabanikazi bomhlaba abadosa kakhulu ukuhambisa izinsizakalo kumsebenzi wezinkontileka kubangele ukuphikiswa okunonya kwabantu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ukukhula kwenkunkuma kwaba yinto ethandwa kakhulu, okuyiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokuthola imali yokukhokhwa kwezindleko, ubukhulu bayo bukhula cishe cishe kabili (ngenkathi amaholo asezingeni eliphansi ehla). Kancane kancane kukhona inqubo ephelele yokukhokha okuxubile, okubandakanya kokubili imali mboleko kanye ne-corvee. Ngo-1861, ngesikhathi sokukhululwa kwabasimilayo, lesi sigaba saqedwa, sashintshwa imali, futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-1863 abalimi baqala ukukhokha isihlengo esiyimfuneko. Ukukhokhwa kwezinkokhelo kubanikazi bezindlu kuyinto eyedlule. Zonke izinkokhelo ze-vobrochnye zaba ukuhlengwa.

Olunye uhlobo lwezinkokhelo

Igama elithi "obrok" linye lenye: ukuqasha indawo engenamuntu, amadlelo namahlathi. Yilokho ababizayo - "buyela erenti". Ekuqashiseleni okunjalo, izindawo zokubamba imithi, ama-squirrels, amasayithi e-bortnik, izindawo zokudoba, amasimu asendle kanye namazwe alinywa, ngokuzumayo ashiye ngaphandle kwabalimi, baqashiswa. Uma abalimi bethatha amazwe angenalutho, bathola emalungelweni ombuso iminyaka eminingana (ukukhululwa kuzo zonke izibopho, ngaphandle, empeleni, ukuqashisa, inani laso okwakungavumelanisi nokuzithandela). Emadolobheni ngisho nezindawo zokuqashisa okunjalo zaqashiswa ezitolo nasemasitolo ezitolo. Inkokhelo enjalo ukukhokha okuqashiwe kwelungelo lokusebenzisa amazwe nezindawo, kanye nokuthengiselana kwangasese nezwe. Ngakho, leli gama elifanayo lichaze izinkokhelo ezimbili ezahlukene ngokuphelele. Omunye - ephoqelelwe ukuba afake nabaphathi, enye - inkokhelo yokuzithandela yokuqashisa komhlaba.