Izindaba neNhlanganoIndawo

I-oda lommeli yizihlumela zokuqala zoMnyango Wezangaphandle

E-Rus Rus, imiyalo yanikezwa izinhlaka zombuso ophakathi. Babizwa ngokuthi amagumbi namagceke, izindlu zokuhlala nezindlu zasendlini, izintathu kanye nezindlu. Kukholelwa ukuthi imiyalo njengoba izikhungo zombuso ziphakama ngokungenasici, futhi ukukhulunywa ngabo kokuqala kule ndima kutholakala ekufundiseni nokubhala okuthunyelwe kwiNdlunkulu yaseMladimir Uspensky ngu-Grand Duke of All Russia, uVasily III. Inani elithile labantu lalalelwa ukuthi libhekane namacala athize - ngakho-ke incazelo ye "oda" ivele. Ama-oda amasha asanda kusebenza enza egameni lenkosi futhi abe yizindawo eziphakeme kakhulu zikahulumeni. Izikhalazo ezenzweni zabo zazibhekwa kuphela yi-tsar noma i-Duma ka-tsar. Ama-oda yizinyathelo zokuqala zamasevisi wamanje.

Ukubukeka nenhloso

I-ambassador order yavela ngo-1549 ngaphansi kwe-Ivan IV. Wayekhona kuze kube ngu-1720. Ikhodi Yomthetho ka-1550, i-Ivan the Terrible, ifaka uhlelo lokulawulwa komyalo, olwenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngezidingo zomphakathi. Kwaphela iminyaka engaba ngu-200 uhlaka lwalesi simiso lugcinwa futhi lwashintshwa kuphela ngaphansi kwe-Great Reformer Peter I. Imisebenzi yomyalelo omusha owafakwe kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisana namanye amazwe, imibono kanye nokushintshaniswa kweziboshwa, ukuqondiswa kwamaqembu athile "ama-servicemen", isibonelo, i-Don Cossacks.

Imisebenzi emikhulu

I-ambassador order yaphinde yabhekisana nokuphathwa kwamanye amazwe eningizimu nasempumalanga yezwe. Wayenomthwalo wokuthumela ukuthunyelwa kweRashiya ngaphandle, nokuthola ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ekuhambiseni kwakhe babengabathengisi bangaphandle, ngesikhathi behlala kuwo ensimini yethu. Ukulungiswa kwemibhalo yezingxoxiswano zamazwe ngamazwe nakho kwenziwa endimeni yomyalelo. Wawuthatha ukuhambela kwamanye amazwe.

Ukwakhiwa komzimba

Ekuqaleni, i-ambassador order yayingumabhalane weDuma, ngaphansi kwekhanda lakhe "eyingane" yakhe (iphhini), ababhali abangu-15-17 (isikhundla esiphansi sokuphatha) kanye nabahumushi abaningana (abahumushi). Ekhanda lesikhungo esanda kudalwa kwakuyiPrikazny Dyak, ophinde abe yi-Ambassador ye-Embassy . Ngalezo zinsuku izinceku zomphakathi (ngaphandle kwamakhokheli) zazibizwa ngokuthi abhalisi, ikakhulukazi, abaphathi bama-oda noma amaqembu amancane ku- Duma boyar.

Isakhiwo sithola isisindo

Umyalelo wokuqala we-Ambassador uholwa ngu-Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatov, owathi ngaphambi kokuqokwa kwakhe njengenxusa, umabhalane weDuma, wayengumgcini wezindaba zikahulumeni. Ekhanda lomyalelo waze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, okwafika ngo-1570. Ngokukhula kwesisindo somhlaba wonke saseRussia, ukubaluleka komyalelo wePosolsky kwanda futhi, abasebenzi bayo banda ngezikhathi ezithile - ngo-1689 kwakunikwa abalobi abangu-53 esikhundleni sabahumushi abangu-17 no-22 kanye nomhumushi wesi-17 (umhumushi). Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi le-17 umyalelo wenxusa wawuthole amandla kakhulu kangangokuthi yaba yinye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingxenyeni zombuso waseRussia. Kuleli khulu leminyaka, wasuka eHhovisi Lobunxusa Lwangaphandle kuya kwesakhiwo sombuso, esinokuzimela okukhulu namandla amakhulu.

Amandla amakhulu

Isikhathi sonke sokuba khona kwe-oda le-Posolsky singasuswa ngokwemvelo ngokuhambisana nezikhala ezintathu ze-epochal zesikhathi. Lesi yisikhathi sezinkinga, ukubuyiselwa umbuso waseRussia ngaphansi kukaMikhail Romanov, owokuqala waseRashiya ovela kulobukhosi, kanye nesikhathi sosuku lwamazwe awela ngaphansi kweTsar Aleksei Mikhailovich.

Abamele abamhlophe

Kusukela ngo-1621, u-Ivan Tarasievich Gramotin, owayengumholi wePosolsky Prikaz, waqala ukulungiselela ulwazi lwe-tsar oluhlelekile mayelana nesimo sezindaba kwamanye amazwe. Babethwe ngezikhathi zamazwe, kanye nokubheka kanye neziphetho zezinxusa. Lezi "Vestal Letters" empeleni yayiphephandaba lokuqala laseRussia. Kumelwe ngitshele amagama ambalwa ngalesi sigaba sesishiyagalombili se-Posolsky oda ngokuhlukile. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomlobi, futhi kathathu ngamakhosi ahlukahlukene wayephethe isikhundla esiphezulu se-Posolsky. Ngezikhathi ezinzima, wayengomunye wabopolitiki abavelele kakhulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa

Isakhiwo sohlelo lwahlukaniswa ngeminyango ethintana nomsebenzi ehhovisi ngezizathu zomhlaba (ukukhushulwa). Kukhona amahlanu aphelele. Imisebenzi ye-Amendadorial Order, ngokwalezi zinhlaka ezinhlanu zokubhala, yasatshalaliswa kanje: isigaba sokuqala sasihlanganisa amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu - eNgilandi naseFrance, eSpain naseMbusweni Ongcwele WaseRoma, kanye nasePapa. Ingqungquthela yesibili yabhekisana nobuhlobo baseSweden, ePoland naseWallachia (eningizimu yeRomania yanamuhla), eMoldavia, eTurkey naseCrimea, eHoland, eHurgand. Ubudlelwane neDenmark, iBrandenburg neCorland babenomsebenzi wegatsha lesithathu kulo myalelo, ophethe umsebenzi wehhovisi lala mazwe. I-Persia, i-Armenia, i-India kanye nombuso waseKalmyk babephethe isigaba sesine. Isihlanu sokugcina sibhekane nokuxhumana okuhambisana neChina, uBukhara, iKhiva, iProvense yaseZhonggar neGeorgia.

Ububanzi bomsebenzi bukhula

Kusukela ngesikhathi umyalelo we-Ambassador wasungulwa, wabekwa icala ngokuphathwa jikelele kwenqubomgomo yezwe langaphandle. Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-17 lemithetho elandelayo ilandela ngqo: i-Grand Duchy yaseLithuania, uSmolensk noMalorossiysk. Kubuye kugcinwe ingobo yomlando wezincwadi ezibalulekile zangaphakathi nezangaphakathi eziqoqiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinhloko ze-oda

Ngokukhula kokubaluleka kwamazwe ngamazwe aseRussia, umdikoni we-Posolsky oda ulandelwa ummeleli wezwe eliphakeme kakhulu, i-boyar, futhi isikhungo ngokwaso kusukela ngo-1670 sabizwa ngokuthi "State Order of the Embassy Press". Phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokuba khona kwe-Posolsky oda, abaholi abangu-19 bashintshwa esikhundleni sekhanda. Ukugcina kwakuyi-Earl noCancellor wokuqala woMbuso WaseRussia, uPitro the Great uhlanganisa uGabriel Ivanovich Golovkin. Ngenxa yezinguquko zikaPeter I , i-Embassy Chancellery yasungulwa, okwakhiwa ngo-1720 yiKholeji leZindaba zangaphandle.

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