Ukulondolozwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ubani ohlola imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba?

Esimweni sethu wonke amaminerali angabantu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kunokwenzeka ngesisekelo selayisensi ekhethekile. Ukuze uthole imvume enjalo, kuzodingeka ukuthi uthole ilayisensi yokusebenza kwemayini. Le nqubo ilandelwa ukubhaliswa, okusekelwe ekuhloleni.

Ukulinganisa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba - imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi evumela ukulinganisa ubungako bamanzi akhiqizwayo, ukufaneleka kwawo kanye nekhwalithi. Ngalesi sigaba, umbuso wokuhoxiswa kwamanzi unqunywa futhi, okungeke kube nomthelela omubi esimweni samanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nemvelo.

Inkambo yomsebenzi

Imisebenzi iqukethe imisebenzi ethile:

• Ukuqoqwa kwedatha yokugcinwa kwemininingwane, ukuhlaziywa kwemimoya ye-hydrogeological ye-subsoil endaweni ethile;
• Ukuhlaziywa kwezici zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nemvelo;
• Ucwaningo lwe-geophysical;
• Umsebenzi wokuhlunga wokuhlola;
• Sebenza ekuqapha umbuso wamanzi.

Emva kokuqoqwa kwayo yonke idatha, ukucubungula kolwazi olutholiwe, imisebenzi yensimu yenziwa. Ukubala ngokwemvelo kwenziwa nge-modeling. Ekuphetheni, umbiko wokuhlola kwemithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba uhlanganiswa.

Izigaba zemithombo yasemanzini, ngokuya ngesilinganiso sokutadisha kwabo

Kunezigaba ezinjalo:

• A - iqinisekisa ukuthi ukungena kwamanzi kunesipiliyoni sokusebenza esiqinisekisiwe.
• B - iqinisekisa iqiniso lokupaka ukuhlola.
• I-C1 - ibonisa uphenyo lwe-hydrogeological kanye nedatha ebhaliwe enombono.
• I-C2 - ingabelwa endaweni enkulu yendawo, ngaphandle kokubhekisela endaweni ethile yokudla kwamanzi.

Ukuhlolwa kwemithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba nokunikezwa kwezigaba ezimbili zokuqala kunika ilungelo lokuhoxisa amanzi eminye imibiko ngelayisense iminyaka engu-25.

Isigaba C1 sinenzuzo yokukhipha amanzi okwesikhathi eside. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi ngesigaba sesigaba-by-stage isigaba sokukhiqiza A noma B singabhekwa njengesigaba sokuqala, kanti i-C1 - njengenqolobane yekusasa. Lesi sigaba sizuzisa nakwezinye izindawo ezindaweni ezithile izindawo zokugcina amanzi ezingasuswa ngaphandle kokulimala kwemvelo ziphela. Nakuba amalayisensi alesi sigaba awakhishwa isikhathi eside (hhayi eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-5), kodwa ngalesi sikhathi, ungaqhuba yonke imisebenzi yokuklama nokwakhiwa. Lapho sekuqedile ukwakhiwa, amanzi adle angaphansi kokuvuselelwa.

Izindlela zokuqashelwa umsebenzi

Ukuhlolwa kwamanzi okugcina komhlaba kuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingana. Ngemva kokuthola isibikezelo esihle, isayithi iba isigaba esithembisayo. Umsebenzi wokuthoma uqala, ohlanganisa izigaba ezilandelayo.

Ukuhlola kwangaphambili

Kule nkathi, izici zesayithi, isakhiwo sayo se-geological, zifundwa. Ukulinganisela okulinganiselwe nokulinganisa kwenziwa, imithombo yokubunjwa kwamasheya ifundwa. Uhlelo oluhle kakhulu lokuhlelwa kwamanzi okuhlanganiswa kwamanzi luqinisiwe. Eqinisweni, indawo ejwayelekile inqunywa, futhi ivela ukuthi izokwazi yini ukuhlinzeka ngomthamo oshiwo.

Intelligence ephelele

Isigaba sesibili sidluliselwa kuphela uma isayithi lithemba ngempela ukusetshenziswa kwemboni.

Ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kuhilela incazelo yesigaba ngokunemba okuphelele kanye nokubala kwezinga lezinqolobane ezinethemba lokusasa elizayo. Yilezi idatha ezidinga ukuklanywa kwe-VCU. Le ndawo isetshenziselwa izimo ze-hydrodynamic zemvelo (kusho ukuthi kungabe kunezinsizakalo ze-landslides nezitshalo zomhlaba kusayithi), ubukhulu bomhlabathi we-subsidence kanye nesilinganiso sokuqhwala kwabo kulinganiswa. Isigaba sokukhanya sixhomeke kulezi zimingcele.

Ukuhlola Ukuhlola

Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi luyathuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zesayithi kanye nokucwaninga okufanayo:

• Fundisisa izimo ezikhona zokubumba umfutho wokucindezeleka;
• Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwenziwa phansi emanzini ekunciphiseni amanzi;
• Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngamanzi luqhutshwa, lungakanani olushintsha esikhathini esithile (inyanga, ngonyaka), isibikezelo senziwa ngezikhathi ezizayo;
• Izinyathelo ezidingekile zokugcwalisa izindawo zokugcina izimpahla zihlelwe ukuvikela umthombo wamanzi ekuqedeni, kanye nezinye izinyathelo eziningana.

Ukulinganiswa kwemithombo yokusebenza yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuyisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Uma siqhathanisa amaminerali aqinile kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, khona-ke lesi siphetho sinomqondo oguqukayo, okungukuthi, izinguquko zamanzi ekubunjweni, ikhwalithi kanye nobuningi njalo. Akunakwenzeka ukubala inani lamanzi kanye futhi njalo kuncike emanzini ethile ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Ubukhulu bokuphuma nokuxhuma kuxhomeke kwizici ezihlukahlukene okufanele zifundwe njalo zihlaziywe.

Ubani ohlola imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba?

Ezingeni lezomthetho, umthwalo wokuqhuba ukuhlolwa kwamanzi unikezwa kumsebenzisi omncane. Kusobala ukuthi umuntu ovamile ngeke akwazi ukuqhuba lo msebenzi ngokuzimela, ngakho ubhekisela ezinhlanganweni ezihilelekile emsebenzini ofanayo.

Umsebenzisi omncane unesibopho sokuthola amalayisense amabili:

• Ekufundeni kwezemvelo;
• Ukukhishwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

Amalayisense kufanele atholakale ngokuvumelanayo. Okokuqala, ukuhlola kanye nokumba izimayini. Wonke umsebenzisi wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kumele aqonde ukuthi le mithetho igcizelela umthwalo wemfanelo yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngaphandle kwelayisense. Umsebenzisi omncane akhululwa esivumelwaneni sokuthola izimvume, noma ngabe umthombo wasungulwa eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule noma wadluliselwa ubunikazi kanye nesakhiwo sezwe. Nakuba umthetho uvumela umthombo ukuthi ungasetshenziswa ngaphandle kwelayisense, uma uhlanganisa kuphela izidingo zomkhaya othize futhi awusetshenziswanga esikhungweni sezimboni. Umthombo awukwazi ukukhonza njengomthombo wamanzi emindeni eminingana. Kwezinye izimo, umsebenzi kufanele wenziwe ukuze uhlole imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi ilayisense itholakala. Uma lokhu kungenziwanga, izenzo ziwela ngaphansi kwemigomo ye-Code of Offenses Offenses.

Yini okufanele ngiyibheke lapho ngikhetha umculi?

Kuze kube manje, izinkampani eziningi zinikeza ngezinsizakalo ekucwaningweni kwe-hydrogeological, hhayi ngisho nasezifundeni zabo abasebenzisana nabo. Ukuhlolwa kwamanzi okugcina amanzi kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ngumchwepheshe okhethekile, ngakho-ke kungcono ukubheka ochwepheshe, hhayi inhlangano. Kungcono ukuthi akanalo idiploma emkhakheni we "hydrogeology" ngemuva kwamahlombe akhe, kodwa futhi nezincwadi ezincwadini zephrofayela. I-geologist kumele ibe nemiklamo esebenzayo kanye nemibiko evunyelwe.

Akunconywa ukuxoxisana nabaphathi ngisho nabaqondisi bezinkampani. Njengomthetho, bavuselela ama-oda, ngakho-ke, ikhasimende lizokhokha kabili.

Kukhona ingozi enkulu yokuxhumana nenhlangano engeyona eyinhloko futhi ungatholi inani elithandayo lokusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Le nkinga, yebo, iqedwa uma umsebenzi usuphelile kahle futhi yonke imisebenzi ihlose kuphela ekumthethweni ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi.

Kungani sidinga ukuhlaziya kabusha izimpahla zokukhipha amanzi?

Ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kabusha kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi emhlabathini kuyinkimbinkimbi yenqubo yesimo sezwe, isiqondiso esiyinhloko sokusebenzisa okunengqondo kwezinsiza ze-subsurface ezikhona. Amanzi amasha kuyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile esidinga ukuvikelwa njalo kumuntu.

Ukuhlolisiswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba akuhlali nje kuphela ngokwezomnotho. Kwezinye izindawo, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba yiwo kuphela umthombo wamanzi, ngakho-ke akukho mbuzo wokuthi kufanelekile indlela. Umsebenzi wokuhlaziya uhilela ukuvikelwa kwamanzi emanzini kusukela ekuhlakalweni nasekuqedeni. Ukulawula njalo phezu kwekhwalithi yamanzi kwenziwa. Ithonya lemvelo yemvelo kanye ne technogenic ngezinga lokungcola kwalo lifundwa.

Izingozi zamabhizinisi

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukulinganiswa kokugcinwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kungahle kungabi nhlobo, kepha kuze kutholakale umphumela omuhle, kuzobekwa izimali eziningi. Kungenzeka ukuthi, ngokusho kombiko, kuzoboniswa ukuthi amanzi asezimbonini akhiqizwayo angenalutho ngomqondo wezomnotho wokukhiqiza izimboni. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwemisebenzi yokuhweba luyingozi kakhulu.