Imfundo:Isayensi

Ukuhlola isikhala: abahloli bamabala, ososayensi, ukutholakala

Isikhala ... Igama elilodwa, nokuthi yimidwebo emingaki emihle emi phambi kwamehlo akho! Inqwaba yemilalenda ehlakazekile yonke indawo, ede kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iMilky Way, i-constellations ye-Big and Little Dipper, ehlala ngokuthula esibhakabhakeni esikhulu ... Enumerate kuze infinity. Kulesi sihloko sizokwazi umlando wokuhlola isikhala namanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo.

Ucwaningo lwama-cosmic endulo: ubheke kanjani izinkanyezi ngaphambili?

Esikhathini esidala nakude, abantu babengakwazi ukubuka amaplanethi futhi badonsa ngamabonakude anamandla aseHubble. Izitsha kuphela zokubheka ubuhle besibhakabhaka nokwenza izifundo zobuhle zazizame. Yiqiniso, akukho lutho ngaphandle kwelanga, inyanga nezinkanyezi, "izibonakude" zomuntu azikwazanga ukubona (ngaphandle komculi ngo-1812). Ngakho-ke, abantu baqagele ukuthi bangabheka kanjani lezi zibala eziphuzi namhlophe esibhakabhakeni. Kodwa-ke ngisho naleso sikhathi umhlaba wonke wawunake kakhulu, ngakho ngokushesha waphawula ukuthi le mibuthano emibili yayidabula esibhakabhakeni, bese ifihla ngemuva komkhathi, bese ibuye ibonise yona. Futhi bathola ukuthi akuzona zonke izinkanyezi eziziphatha ngendlela efanayo: ezinye zazo zihlala zingenalutho, kanti enye ishintsha isikhundla sayo kulandela indlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho-ke ukuhlola okukhulu kwesikhala sangaphandle kanye nalokho okufihliwe kuwo.

Impumelelo enkulu kulo mkhakha yenziwa amaGreki asendulo. Yaba ngabokuqala ukuthola ukuthi iplanethi yethu inesimo somkhakha. Imibono yabo endaweni yoMhlaba ehlobene neLanga yahlukana: abanye ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi imbulunga igxile emzimbeni wasezulwini, bonke abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ngokuphambene nalokho (babengabasekeli be-system geocentric yezwe). Ngombono ovamile amaGreki asendulo awazange afike. Yonke imisebenzi yabo yocwaningo kanye neyesikhala ibhalwe ephepheni futhi ihlotshiswe kuwo wonke umsebenzi wesayensi othiwa i- "Almagest". Umbhali walo kanye nomqambi usosayensi omkhulu wasendulo uPtolemy.

I-Renaissance kanye nokubhujiswa kwemibono yangaphambilini mayelana nendawo yangaphandle

U-Nikolai Copernicus - ngubani ongazange azwe lelo gama? Nguyena owekhulu lekhulu le-15 owabhubhisa inkolelo eyiphutha yehlelo lomhlaba wezwe futhi wabeka phambili eyakhe, i-heliocentric, eyathi iMhlaba ibheka i-Sun, hhayi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ngeshwa, ukucwaninga kwesikhashana kanye nesonto babengalali. Ngokushesha bamemezela izinkulumo ezinjalo ezingamanga, futhi abalandeli beCopernicus babeshushiswa kabi. Omunye wabasekeli bakhe, uGiordano Bruno, washiswa etsheni. Igama lakhe liye lahlala emakhulwini eminyaka, futhi kuze kube manje sikhumbula ososayensi omkhulu enenhlonipho nangokubonga.

Ukukhula nesithakazelo esikhaleni sangaphandle

Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, ososayensi babheka ukuhlola izinkanyezi kuphela. Ukuhlola isikhala sekuye kwaba mnandi ngokwengeziwe. Ngokushesha lapho ikhulu le-17 liqala, kutholakala ukutholakala okukhulu kwesikhulu: umcwaningi uKepler waqamba ukuthi izindlela ezihamba ngazo amaplanethi azungeze i-Sun azikho nxazonke, njengoba kwakucatshangwa ngaphambili, kodwa i-elliptical. Ngenxa yalesi senzakalo, isayensi iye yazishintsha kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko, u-Isaac Newton wathola lo mishini futhi wakwazi ukuchaza imithetho lapho imizimba ihamba khona.

Ukutholakala kwamaplanethi amasha

Kuze kube manje, siyazi ukuthi kuneeplanethi eziyisishiyagalombili ohlelweni lwelanga. Kuze kube ngu-2006, inani labo lalingamaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye, kodwa ngemuva kokushisa nokushona kweplanethi - i-Pluto - yayingekho emzimbeni wezindikimba ezijikeleza ukukhanya kwethu kwasezulwini. Lokhu kwakungenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu - indawo yaseRussia kuphela yikhulu kunePluto yonke. Wanikezwa isimo se planethi encane.

Kuze kube yikhulu le-17 leminyaka, abantu bakholelwa ukuthi kwakukhona amaplanethi amahlanu ohlelweni lwelanga. Kwakungekho telacopes ngalesosikhathi, ngakho bahlulela kuphela lezo zidalwa zasezulwini ababezibona ngamehlo abo. I-Saturn namasongo ayo ashisayo abakwazanga ukubona noma yini enye. Mhlawumbe sasiyophutha kuze kube yilolu suku, uma kungenjalo ngoGalileo Galilei. Nguye owasungula ama-telescopes futhi wasiza ososayensi ukuba bafunde amanye amaplanethi futhi babone yonke imizimba yasezulwini yesistimu yelanga. Ngenxa ye-telescope yaziwa ngokubakhona kwezintaba kanye nezicathulo ezinyangeni, ama satellite weJupiter, Saturn, Mars. Futhi konke okufanayo uGalileo Galilei wathola izindawo kwiSanga. Isayensi ayizange ithuthukiswe kuphela, yaqhubekela phambili ngenqwaba nemingcele. Futhi ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ososayensi sebevele bebazi ngokwanele ukwakha i- spacecraft yokuqala futhi behlelwe ukunqoba izinkanyezi zokuqala.

Isayensi yesikhala yakhula kanjani ezikhathini zaseSoviet?

Ososayensi baseSoviet benza ucwaningo olunzulu lwesikhala futhi bazuza impumelelo enkulu ekufundeni izinkanyezi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi. Yiqiniso, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 idlulile kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngaphambi kokuba i-satellite isikhala sokuqala isetshenziselwe ukunqoba ama-expanses we-Universe. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1957. Le divayisi yasungulwa ku-USSR kusuka ku-cosmodrome ye-Baikonur. Ama-satellite wokuqala awazange axoshe imiphumela emihle - umgomo wabo kwakuwukuba ufinyelele eNyangeni. Idivaysi yokuqala yokucwaninga isikhala yafika enyangeni ngo-1959. Futhi nasekhulwini lama-20 i-Institute for Space Research yavulwa, lapho umsebenzi omkhulu wesayensi okwenziwa khona futhi kwenziwa izinto ezitholakalayo.

Ngokushesha ukuqaliswa kwama-satellite kwaba yindawo evamile, kodwa nokho ukuthunywa okulodwa komhlaba kwenye iplanethi kwaphela ngempumelelo. Mayelana nomsebenzi we-Apollo, okwathi phakathi kwezikhathi eziningana, ngokusho kwenguqulo esemthethweni, abaseMelika bafika ngoMsombuluko.

I-International Space Race

I-1961 ayikhunjulwa emlandweni wokuhlola isikhala. Kodwa ngisho nangaphambili, ngo-1960, izinja ezimbili zavakashela indawo yonke, amagama okubizwa ngawo wonke umhlaba: uBelka no-Strelka. Babuya emkhathini bengenalutho, beba odumile futhi baba yiziqhawe zangempela.

Futhi ngo-Ephreli 12 ngonyaka ozayo, u-Yuri Gagarin, indoda yokuqala eyazama ukuhamba eMhlabeni emkhunjini we-Vostok-1, ehlwanyelwe ngama-expanses omhlaba wonke.

I-United States of America ayifuni ukuyeka i-USSR emncintiswaneni wesikhala, ngakho befuna ukuthumela umuntu wabo emkhathini ngaphambi kukaGagarin. I-United States yalahleka ekuqalisweni kwama-satellites: i-Russia yakwazi ukuqala le divayisi izinyanga ezine ngaphambi kwe-America. Esikhathini, abahloli bezithuba ezifana no-Valentina Tereshkova no-Alexei Leonov sebevakashele kakade. Lezi zinsuku zazingezokuqala emhlabeni ukuze zibalekele esikhaleni sangaphandle, futhi ukuphumelela okubaluleke kakhulu kwe-United States ekuqondeni indawo yonke kwakuwukuphela kokuhamba kwe-cosmonaut ekubeni yindiza ye-orbital.

Kodwa, naphezu kwempumelelo enkulu ye-USSR "emncintiswaneni wesikhala," iMelika nayo ayiphutha. Futhi ngoJulayi 16, 1969, i-spacecraft ye-Apollo 11, ethwele abahloli bamazwe abayisihlanu, yatholwa phezulu eNyangeni. Ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kamuva, indoda yokuqala yahamba phezu kweSatellite satellite. Igama lakhe kwakunguNeil Armstrong.

Ukunqoba noma ukunqoba?

Ubani onqoba umjaho wenyanga? Ayikho impendulo ngqo kulo mbuzo. Bobabili i-USSR ne-US babonise konke okusemandleni abo: baphumelela okwenziwe ngcono futhi baphuthukise impumelelo yezobuchwepheshe emkhathini, benza izinto ezintsha ezitholakalayo, bathatha amasampula angenasisekelo avela eNyangeni eyathunyelwa ku-Space Research Institute. Siyabonga ukuthi kwakusungulwe ukuthi i-Satellite satellite iqukethe ishlabathi namatshe, futhi nokuthi akukho moya ngoMsombuluko. Imikhumbi yeNile Armstrong, ishiya eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-40 eyedlule ebusweni benyanga, futhi manje ikhona. Abane nje abangenayo into yokusula: umngane wethu ungenawo umoya, akukho moya noma amanzi. Futhi uma uya enyangeni, ungashiya uphawu lwakho emlandweni - kokubili ngokusho okuqondile nangokomfanekiso.

Isiphetho

Umlando wesintu ucebile futhi ukhulu, uhlanganisa izinto eziningi ezitholakalayo, izimpi, ukunqoba okukhulu nokunqotshwa okulimazayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhala esingaphandle komhlaba kanye nokucwaninga kwesikhala samanje akuyona indawo yokugcina emakhasini omlando. Kodwa bekungekho lutho ngalokhu, uma kwakungenabo bantu abanesibindi nabangenabugovu njengoHerman Titov, u- Nikolai Copernicus, u-Yuri Gagarin, uSergey Korolev, uGalileo Galilei, uGiordano Bruno nabanye abaningi. Bonke laba bantu abakhulu bahlukaniswa ngengqondo evelele, amakhono akwazi ukutadisha ama-physics kanye nezibalo, uhlamvu oluqinile kanye nensimbi. Sinokuthile okumele sikufunde kubo, singafunda kulaba ososayensi abanokuhlangenwe nakho okuyigugu nezimfanelo ezinhle nezici zobunjwa. Uma isintu sizozama ukufana nabo, funda okuningi, uqeqeqe, ufunde ngempumelelo esikoleni naseyunivesithi, khona-ke singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi sinamathuba amaningi okuthola ngaphambi kwethu, futhi isikhala sangaphandle sizocubungulwa maduzane. Futhi, njengoba kuhlabelelwa ingoma eyodwa edumile, ezindleleni zethu ezinothuli zamaplanethi akude amathrekhi ethu azohlala.

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