Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali kwamafutha. Ukuthola izindawo amanoni chemical

Iqembu ezibalulekile organic compounds - lipids - kanye steroid futhi waxes zihlanganisa amafutha. okuqukethwe kwabo emangqamuzaneni aphilayo zokhahlamba kusuka 5 kuya ku-10% ngo-ezomile iseli isisindo. Lezi izinto wafunda, esekelwe izici zabo ukwakheka kwama-molecule, okuyinto abangela nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali kwamafutha. Chemistry of Organic compounds nicabanga ngalezi izinto njengoba umkhiqizo ukusabela esterification phakathi trihydric utshwala glycerol kanye umkhawulo ephakeme noma unsaturated acid carboxylic.

Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola hhayi kuphela ukusetshenziswa kwabo embonini futhi ukubaluleka, kodwa futhi ukuthola amafutha kanye izakhiwo ikhemikhali ayisibonelo salezi lesi sigaba compounds.

Umlando yokutholakala

Isakhiwo ibilokhu wafunda ukuthi phakathi nekhulu le-19. wemithi French E. Chevrel ukufuthelana ngamanzi ebukhoneni alikhali futhi imikhiqizo etholakala ukusabela molecule fatty acid kanye glycerol. M. Berthelot kwadingeka ukusabela okuphambene: lapho ukufuthelana nenye glycerol futhi acid palmitic steorinovoy wathola triglyceride - amafutha. Ngokusekelwe kulezi ucwaningo, kwaphethwa ngokuthi izinto wafunda basonta ekilasini esters. I nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali amafutha isikuqinisekisile kulesi siphetho.

Amafutha - esters

Njengoba kufakazelwa ucwaningo no E. M. Berthelot Chevrel, triglyceride kukhona esters ka trihydric utshwala glycerol nangaphezulu acid monocarboxylic. Fat equkethe steorinovuyu noma palmitic acid kuyinto okuqinile, isibonelo, yenkomo, inyama yengulube, iwundlu. Lokhu ezilwane. Uma indlela yokwakheka triglyceride zihlanganisa unsaturated okunamafutha acid - oleic, linoleic, linolenic - ezifana uketshezi amafutha abizwa ngokuthi amafutha (sunflower, groundnut, linseed).

izakhiwo Chemical fat zihlukaniswa kusuka kwamanye esters iqiniso lokuthi isakhiwo yezinhlayiya ingase ihlanganise eziningana ezahlukene acid carboxylic.

izakhiwo

Ezemvelo kanye zokwenziwa, njenge-margarine, triglyceride babe izici ezivamile. Chief phakathi kwabo - hydrophobicity, ongaphakeme ukuncibilika lokushisa kanye ongaphakeme ukuminyana ethize. Bangancibilika kahle ezihogelwayo, isib, benzene, i-carbon tetrachloride. Zonke amafutha esikuthola kalula nge izinto ezinezimbobo noma fibrous. Ngokwe-theory ka-isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali of organic compounds M. Butlerov, izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali kwamafutha ezihlobene. Ukuqinisekiswa leli qiniso uzonikezwa ngezansi.

Ukusabela Chemical triglyceride

Ukwakheka quantitative and qualitative yezinhlayiya amafutha, kanye ukumisa yayo ngekwendzawo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngempela of okuqondene esters ekilasini triglyceride. Sabo esisemqoka chemical impahla - yokusabela ngamanzi (hydrolysis). It kalula kwenzeka khona catalysts - alikhali, magnesium oxides, zinc noma calcium. I Kutholwe imikhiqizo ukuphendula nenye acid carboxylic futhi glycerine. Njengoba ukusabela esethola ngamanzi, amafutha, umkhakha ukudala izimo sidlule ngaphansi kwazo kuze kube sekupheleni - maqondana kumiswa glycerol nangaphezulu acid monocarboxylic. Ngenxa yale njongo, ingxube esisheshayo ukuthi ngokuqhubekayo fed ikhambi alikhali futhi imikhiqizo ngqo akhishwe zone ukuphendula. Lezi zindlela ukuvimbela kungenzeka nesenzakalo yenqubo reverse, okuholela kwetinhlavu amafutha. Hydrolysis kabanzi lisetshenziswe organic zamagama-chemistry ngokukhiqiza izinto ngenhla.

Basabela kanjani saponification alikhali

Sidlulisa cwaningo izinto eziphilayo - esters. Amafutha kanye amakhemikhali izakhiwo zazo emelelwa ukusabela hydrolysis, kungabuye wasithukuthelela alikhali. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela libizwa saponification, futhi okuphikisana inqubo esterification. I kwaphumela saponification ane-alikhali of okunamafutha acid glycerol Welashwa nge sodium carbonate noma sodium hydroxide. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka insipho.

Kuyinto okuqinile, has ifomula C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa ngokuthi kwezomnotho. Uma wanezela nalokhu colorants, glycerin, amakha yezimonyo, ukuthola insipho. insipho Liquid, ngokungafani zinhlobo okuqinile etholwe uma amafutha ekusabeleni saponification kungukuthi exutshwe sodium hydroxide kanye hydroxide potassium. Ngokwesibonelo, i-potassium palmitate, C ₁₅ H ₃₁ Cook - ketshezi potassium insipho. impahla eluhlaza for ukusabela saponification kukhona amafutha ezishibhile okuvela ezilwaneni noma nemifino.

amafutha Liquid - amafutha

It yakhiwa molecule unsaturated acid carboxylic kokuba izibopho kabili. Vegetable amafutha kuthiwa kuhlelwe imisinga yamanzi reticulum endoplasmic ngenxa yesenzo enzyme kusukela glycerol futhi fatty acid. Futhi, yena, akhiwa kule Calvin umjikelezo ukusabela ukuthi zivele ngenxa ye-photosynthesis. Amaconsi uwoyela buthelela imbewu, izithelo, okungenani izingxenye vegetative zalesi sihlahla futhi ngikhonze njengomshumayeli wesikhathi supply izakhamzimba. izakhiwo Physicochemical kwamafutha ezakhiwe izitshalo, ngenxa yokuba khona e-molecule awo ahlangane double pi izibopho. Ngesikhathi esikhundleni ukudabuka zenzeka kwalokho ukuphendula, isibonelo, ama-athomu ye-hydrogen. Lokhu kuholela ekwakhekeni triglyceride okuqinile hydrogenated.

I chemical izakhiwo yemifino amafutha

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, triglyceride Lokudabuka yemifino aqukethe ukubunjwa yabo ayanda unsaturated carboxylic acid. Amafutha zingahlungwa ngokusebenzisa hydrogenation. Le nqubo wenziwa khona ngaphansi Ukushisa ebukhoneni kulethe - particulate ne-nickel.

Umkhiqizo yokusabela - amafutha okuqinile (amafutha hydrogenated). Ukusetshenziswa Its ekukhiqizeni steorina, glycerol nensipho ukwenziwa. Uma salomas ushukela, usawoti, ubisi ukudla Umbala, bese uthola amafutha wezokudla - imajarini. Uma wengeza nalokho amavithamini kanye ibhotela zemvelo okulungiselelwe okuthiwa uwoyela ukukhanya - ukusabalala.

zokwenziwa amafutha

Ziyakwazi ezishibhile zemvelo, futhi zihlukaniswa zemvelo triglyceride Ukwakheka kwabo. Omunye wemithombo eyinhloko zokwenziwa amafutha - kungokwemvelo futhi ezihambisana petroleum gas, kanye namafutha uqobo. paraffins Ephakeme esikula namaminerali zemvelo, is oxidized. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka zokwenziwa okunamafutha acid. ukuxhumana yabo nge ethylene glycol kuveza zokwenziwa amafutha. Isetshenziselwa embonini lesikhumba (i fatliquoring fur izikhumba futhi izikhumba). Esikhathini umkhakha yezimonyo triglyceride zokwenziwa asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni toilet insipho, okhilimu, lotions. Esikhathini zokwakha umkhakha kukhona amafutha yokufakelwa ukwenziwa ezinengilazi, putties, upende.

I nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali amafutha etholwe ngemishini, azihlukile kusukela yemvelo. Futhi ukuza ekusabeleni hydrolysis ebukhoneni i acid waquliswa alikhali (saponification ukuphendula).

Njengoba triglyceride akhiqizwa emzimbeni womuntu

Yokuthi indlela esisabela ngayo umzimba amafutha kumaseli emzimbeni kungenziwa kuhlelwe umqondo kusuka carbohydrate ngokweqile. Lokhu kuchaza yokuthi ukusetshenziswa engalawuliwe -ukudla isitashi sucrose (imikhiqizo ufulawa, irayisi, amazambane, amaswidi), kuholela isisindo okweqile. Ngo inqubo imikhiqizo ukugaya equkethe amafutha e-duodenum wajinge wanamatsela ukuba glycerol futhi fatty acid. hydrolysis yabo kwenzeka ngesikhathi oyisibopho iqhaza lipase - enzyme pancreatic futhi Bile ethakwa yi isibindi. Njengoba yokuwasha, Bile emulsifies amafutha, okusho iphula molecule ezinkulu ku amaconsi emihle lipase kalula cleavable.

I villi emathunjini amancane abizwa kwemiqondo molecule amafutha ethize mayelana nomzimba womuntu, njalo khona bezazila angena lymph. I-lymph amafutha faka cell, futhi ngokweqile yabo zibekwe ongama amafutha noma uwoyela uphawu.

Iqhaza begazi lipids

Ngokufunda nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali kwamafutha, ukugxila ikhono lazo secrete esiningi namandla, omunye igremu fat inikeza 37,8 kJ amandla amaningi avela namachibi ephelele. Ngakho-ke ama-triglyceride - mpahla ejwayelekile. Ngakho, amafutha - kukhona ukudla okubalulekile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi engalungile futhi eside isitoreji triglyceride "yobudala" futhi Rancid, ezuza nephunga edabukisayo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa uxhumane ngamafutha ngu-mpilo emkhathini. Baqala baba muncu uwoyela kulula ukunquma uma kukho potassium iodide. Peroxides eziqukethwe umkhiqizo, lokhu kwakwakhe is oxidized ukukhulula iodine, elibangela umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka phezu contact nge izinto isitashi-aqukethe.

Amafutha nawo wokwakha kwaziswa kubalulekile futhi bayingxenye ulwelwesi amaselula kanye organelles. Mkhulu indima yabo thermoregulation eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izilwane eziphilayo ekujuleni ezinkulu lapho izinga lokushisa kwamanzi sincane kakhulu, abe athuthukiswe kahle ungqimba ongama fat, isib, imikhomo kungaba ukufinyelela ukushuba 1.5 m. Izilwane asemaqeleni, ehlane futhi ephuma kabili desert futhi buthelela umzimba wayo imali eyanele amafutha. Kuyadingeka ngabo njengoba umthombo wamanzi endogenous, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya namachibi fat ngaphezu amandla, semali ketshezi. izilwane ezinjalo zihlanganisa amakamela, jerboa, shrews.

Lipids zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni kwezitho zangaphakathi. Lendvodza evuthiwe uwoyela uphawu ukuvikela esiswini, indlala wokugaya ukudla of ukulimala okungaphakathi. izitho okunjalo kubalulekile njengoba izinso, kudingeka ube ungqimba lwamafutha. Ehlome kwesisindo endaweni ukungenzi womuntu kwezinso kungenzeka ngenxa thinning ungqimba, okuyinto zokugula sina, kuphazamisa uhlelo excretory.

Inani Eliphakeme lipids kwetinhlavu cell ulwelwesi. Kanye nokudla okumahhadla nomoya-amaprotheni, akha izingqimba ezimbili kokuba isakhiwo KaMose. Compounds kwamafutha ukuze amaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi ama lipoproteins. Enza permeability ukukhetha cell ulwelwesi.

Lesi sihloko bahlola ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye izakhiwo kwamafutha, kanye lokusebenza yabo umkhakha.