Ibhomu le-athomu: ububi bendawo yonke noma i-panacea yezimpi zomhlaba?

Umlando wezikhali ze-athomu uqala ngokutholakala kukaJ. Curie ngo-1939. Khona-ke ososayensi baqaphela ukuthi ukusabela kwamaketanga kwezinye izakhi kungenziwa kuhambisane nokukhululwa kwenani elingavumelekile lamandla. Kamuva, lokhu kwakha isisekelo sezikhali zenuzi.

Ibhomu le-athomu liyisikhali sokubhujiswa okukhulu. Ngenkathi yokuqhuma kwawo, amandla amaningi akhishwa esikhaleni esincane, okuthi, lapho sibheke emhlabathini, kubangela ukushaqeka kwamanye amazwe.

Izinto ezilimazayo zezikhali zenuzi: ukushaqeka okunamandla, amandla okushisa, ukukhanya okukhanyayo, ama-radiation angenayo, kanye ne- pulse ye-electromagnetic enamandla . Ibhomu le-athomu lenziwa ngesisekelo se-plutonium. I-uranium isetshenziswa futhi.

Ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu lamiswa futhi lihlolwe amaMelika ngoJulayi 16, 1945 edolobheni lase-Almogordo. Lokhu kuboniswe emhlabeni wonke amandla amakhulu kakhulu ezikhali zenuzi. Kwathi ngo-Agasti wonyaka ofanayo, izikhali ezintsha zazisetshenziswa ngokumelene nezakhamuzi eHiroshima naseNagasaki. Imizi yaseJapane yayisuswe ngokucacile ebusweni bomhlaba ngamagagasi ashaqisayo, futhi abasindile bamabhomu babulawa ngenxa yokugula kwama-radiation. Ukufa kwabo kwakubuhlungu futhi bude. Ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi zase-US kwakungenwa yizidingo zempi njengenhloso yokwesabisa i-USSR ngezikhali ezintsha. Eqinisweni, lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kanye nomncintiswano wezikhali.

U-Stalin waqonda ngokucacile lesi sihloko, kodwa akazange avumelane nesibindi. Wonke amandla ezwe aphonswa ukudala "impendulo ehambisanayo" - izikhali zenuzi zaseSoviet. Ngenxa yentuthuko yayo, kwakhiwa ikomidi elikhethekile ngaphansi kobuholi bukaL. Beria, okuhlanganisa izikhanyiso zesayensi njengo-I . Kurchatov, uP. Kapitsa no-A. Ioffe. Amadokhumenti aseJalimane athunjiwe emigodini ye-uranium ephezulu yaseBulgaria yasiza ukuhlinzeka iphrojekthi nge- nuclear fuel, futhi ukuhlakanipha okufika ngesikhathi e-US izikhali zenuzi kwandisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa.

Ukwaziswa ukuthi i-USSR ikhiqiza ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa ibhomu le-athomu, kubangele ukuthi i-elite ebusayo yase-United States isifiso sokususa impi yokuvimbela. Ngenxa yalezi zinhloso, uhlelo lweTroyan lwalusungulwa, ngokusho ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwempi kwakuhlelwe kanjani ngoJanuwari 1, 1950. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-United States kakade yayinezibhamu zenuzi ezingu-300. Lolu hlelo luhlinzekelwe ukubhujiswa kwamadolobha angu-70 amakhulu kunawo wonke aseSoviet.

Kodwa-ke, iSoviet Union yabuyisa abahlukumezi. Ngo-1949, ngo-Agasti 29, ibhomu le-athomu lika-USSR lahlolwa ngokuphumelelayo endaweni yokuhlolwa eduze kwe-Semipalatinsk. Idivayisi, ikhodi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-RDS-1", yanciphisa ngo-7 ekuseni. Umhlaba wonke waziswa ngalesi senzakalo. Ukuhlolwa okuphumelelayo kwezikhali zenuzi ngo-1949 kuhlelwa izinhlelo zokuhlasela kwabaseMelika eSoviet Union ngenxa yokusongelwa kwesiteleka sokuphindisela. Phela, manje i-Soviet Union nayo yayinebhomu le-athomu, eliqede "i-atomic monopoly" yase-United States. Isigaba esisha, esisebenzayo seMpi Yomshoshaphansi saqala.

Ibhomu le-nyukliya laseSoviet laliyi-22 kilotons kuphela amandla. Manje, amadivaysi enamandla amakhulu anamandla athatha i-megaton yamandla okubhubhisa. Ubuntu budale izikhali ezibhubhisa kakhulu, kodwa ukutholakala kwezikhali ezinjalo kuwugcina ezimpini zezwe ezintsha.