Igazi iqembu: igazi scheme, RH

izingxenye ezihlukahlukene igazi benezingane eziningi ehlukile, okungase zibulale lapho ngokuhlanganisa amaqembu amabili ahlukene. внутри организма. simanga alichaza khona phezu kobuso futhi kuyi-plasma yegazi iqembu ngabanye inhlanganisela agglutinogens futhi agglutinins, ekwazi ukuhlukanisa bezinye izizwe abavela emaqenjini erythrocyte ayo, ukuvimbela ke ezisebenza ngaphansi umzimba ngamunye. Omzimba amaseli agglutinogens womuntu bangaphandle ziqondakala njengosongo olukhulu. Futhi ngezinhloso zokuzivikela umzimba ivame ukuba kulimaze futhi bawasuse ngosizo agglutinins eziqukethwe plasma amaseli wabo legazi elibomvu.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, kukholakala ukuthi ungakwazi ukuhlanganisa iyiphi igazi elalise sibi. Futhi ngezinye izikhathi zonke yaphela ngisho nokufa ngoba igazi elampontshelwa akuyona ziqondakala umzimba. Ukuthuthukisa adhesion nokubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Kodwa sibonga Karl Landsteiner, owakwazi ukuthola ukufakazela ukuba khona kwamandla ebomvu egazi agglutinogens futhi agglutinins manje ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwegazi ukumpontshelwa igazi isikimu baba ephephile.

iqembu igazi

Uhlelo akhiwa Landsteiner, ubizwa ngokuthi i-ABO. Ngu egazini libhekwa amaqembu amane kuncike agglutinogens, okhonjiswe A no B kanye agglutinins a, b line up.

Agglutinogens (antigen) - izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, esisogwini ulwelwesi of egazi abomvu, kukhona ezingeguquleke futhi ngofuzo kubazali.

Agglutinin (omzimba) - immunoglobulin, ayisiza, erythrocyte plasma elakhiwe ngendlela yemvelo ukuvikela umzimba kusuka zofuzo ungekho phezu erythrocyte. Lakhicitwe onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila, njengoba umsebenzi zokuzivikela kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni ukuze singene amaprotheni ne antigen angaphandle.

Njengoba ungase ubone etafuleni, iqoqo antigen iqembu igazi umehluko agglutinin okuyinto ukuthuthukisa antigen ulahlekile sokuvikelwa ngamunye. Ngo-plasma, amangqamuzana abomvu egazi akhiqizwa agglutinins upholavuthondaba yohlobo antigen ku ulwelwesi. Lokhu kungafani ukhona, ukuze kuthi lapho udle erythrocyte wegazi ngaphandle eqenjini, basheshe wabhubhisa antigen ngaphandle kokulimaza amaseli ayo.

RH igazi isici

Amaqembu isikimu ukumpontshelwa igazi ukuqondanisa kuvunyelwe Kuyadingeka acabangele igazi RH isici. RH isici - ephikelelayo ukuthi akashintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ekuphileni futhi igazi uhlelo ngezigaba Rhesus (RH). RH uhlelo kusekelwe ukuhlonza antigen eziyisithupha C, D, E, c, d, e phezu kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu, yatholakala ngo-1940 Karl Landsteiner no-Aleksandru Weiner.

Uma i-erythrocyte ebusweni antigen Kutholwe D (atholakala 80% abantu) noma ukubakhona ngesikhathi esisodwa uC no-E antigen, igazi kungokwalabo RH omuhle lisho RH +. Uma kwenzeka lokhu iqembu antigen kutholwa le RH isici Rh- ezimbi.

Ukubaluleka kwe-RH isici e ukumpontshelwa

Igazi kungase kube kokuba nezindinganiso ezifanayo kohlelo Rhesus. Ngakho, umamukeli nge RH-negative igazi iminikelo ngeke kuphela ilingane sibalo ezimbi. Ngokufanayo, omuhle, kodwa ezimweni ezibucayi avunyelwe ukumnika legazi RH-negative ngesilinganiso esincane, okungenani 200 ml. Ngo ukumpontshelwa ezinjalo ukungavumelani ingekho, kodwa ukufaka igazi nge amaseli RH-negative abomvu nge value esihle waphawula zokuzivikela amasosha omzimba i antigen D. nxa erythrocyte angaphandle izivikeli mzimba iqala ukukhiqiza agglutinins (d, c, e), okuyinto umonakalo batheleka namangqamuzana abomvu egazi, okuholela nemiphumela emibi kulowo umzimba umamukeli. I-ABO uhlelo kanye Rhesus ukuhlukanisa zonke izinhlobo igazi eziyisishiyagalombili.

igazi kwedivayisi

Igazi - inqubo igazi, esisetshenziselwa ubuyisele ukulingana negazi kwegazi. Igazi kumelwe buvumelane kokubili izinhlelo imishini, ephethe igazi elingesilo umamukeli. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi kukhona donor jikelele nomamukeli jikelele. Okwamanje, le miqondo emibili baye cishe wasimama uhlelo wezokwelapha. Nokho, ezimweni ezibucayi ngaphandle isikhathi donor ezifanayo lwegazi nomaka RH isici ngezinye izikhathi isasetshenziswa ukumpontshelwa encane nje, hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-500 ml.

Ngu jikelele igazi zihlanganisa iqembu lokuqala futhi Rhesus ukubaluleka negative 0 (I) Rh-, kusukela oyiyo has akazibekanga antigen. Umamukeli Universal kubhekwe omuhle iqembu lesine AB (IV) RH + ngenxa yokuba khona phezu erythrocyte ulwelwesi antigen A no B. Kodwa, noma kunjalo, isimiso uzama ukubamba ukumpontshelwa namaqembu ezifanayo.

Mina lwegazi: Oluvumelana wesifunda

Eqenjini mina Transfusion nge RH ukubaluleka ezimbi (0 (I) Rh-) kungaba ukunikela ngoba wonke amaqembu igazi nge emihle nemibi isici Rhesus ngesikhathi ukumpontshelwa eziphuthumayo futhi uma kunesidingo enze semali donor mina iqembu nge ezifanayo inkomba Rhesus.

Ngoba kuqala uhlobo umamukeli igazi RH isici igazi omuhle donor owukuqala amaqembu emihle noma emibi 0 (I) RH - / +. Iqembu lokuqala igazi nge RH yezokubona negative ukumpontshelwa ukukhiqiza iqembu ezifanayo kuphela 0 (I) Rh-.

Ukuhambelana neqembu lesibili

Iqembu lesibili negative A (II) Rh- kungaba ukunikela ngenxa lesibili nelesine kunoma Rhesus okungekho. Iqembu lesibili omuhle A (II) RH + isetshenziswa njengoba donor-kuphela lesibili nelesine AB (IV) RH + omuhle isici Rhesus.

Umamukeli neqembu omuhle yesibili A (II) RH + igazi donor amukele kuqala 0 (I) RH - / + A no iqembu lesibili (II) RH - / + Rhesus nanoma yimuphi okungekho. Uma okhethiwe umamukeli igazi Rhesus ukubaluleka negative A (II) Rh- umkhiqizo ukumpontshelwa namaqembu ngokuqondene yesibili omuhle Inani kuphela ezimbi RH.

Ukuhambelana iqembu kwezintathu

Njengoba ingxenye yesithathu igazi donor iqembu nge omuhle Rhesus isici B (III) RH +
esetshenziselwa ababempontshelwé igazi neqembu sesithathu nesesine Rhesus inkomba omuhle. Iqembu negative lwesithathu ehambisanayo ngokunikelela eqenjini lesithathu nelesine wegazi, ngenxa yanoma yisiphi ukubaluleka RH e umamukeli.

Abanikazi of iqembu lesithathu elampontshelwa igazi amaqembu wokuqala nowesithathu amahle Rhesus negative noma positive. Esesithathu kwedivayisi negative libhekene ne wesithathu futhi iqembu lesine nge RH-HIV.

Ukuhambelana leqembu wesine

igazi elithekelisiwe yilona qembu wesine nge omuhle RH isici kuphela ezifanelekela ukumpontshelwa abamukeli namaqembu ezifanayo futhi phezu inkawu. I negative wesine luhambisana ngoba ukumpontshelwa futhi kuphela iqembu lesine nge RH engemihle futhi omuhle.

Lapha umamukeli eqenjini omuhle wesine AB (IV) RH + kuyinto okudingeka bashintshashintshe ngayo futhi kuthatha value esihle ngaso sonke ngokuphelele Rhesus lwegazi nge RH iyiphi amagugu. Lapho ukumpontshelwa RH-negative kokusebenzisa abomvu egazi ashaye kwawo wonke amaqembu kuphela Rhesus ezimbi.

Izingozi zokumpontshelwa amaqembu akuhambisani

Ubungozi lomcoka igazi agglutination.

Agglutination - erythrocyte kunenze nisondelane inqubo, okuyinto eholela ekubhujisweni wabo uthuthuka nabo umzimba agglutinogens igazi lapho umamukeli athuthukile igazi agglutinin. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona agglutination lapho ngokuhlanganisa igazi nge antigen ezifanayo futhi agglutinins A kanye, futhi b. Ngezinye inhlanganisela enjalo lwamasosha omzimba oluvame (a noma b) saleso antigen olahlekile (A noma B) ukubhubhisa donor amangqamuzana abomvu egazi, okuholela sokulungisa yabo eyalandela hemolysis (noqhekeko). Igazi Transporter main oxygen wonke amaseli emzimbeni, ngakho kwakhiwa wokugoqa kamuva kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu is ukumpontshelwa ukushaqeka, okungase kuholele ekungasebenzini imiphumela obukhulu ngisho nokubabulala. Kungenxa ukunakwa kakhulu kangaka le Izingozi zokumpontshelwa ngegazi izikimu igazi iqembu iyahambisana nomunye.

ABO futhi Rhesus uhlelo iyona esemqoka kule ngezigaba, kodwa akuyena yedwa. Phezu kobuso erythrocyte ulwelwesi ukuthola enye antigen eziningi zazo okwamanje uhileleke ukukhethwa wegazi ehambisanayo. Kodwa, abaningi ezibhedlela ezizimele ngaphezu kwalokho ukunquma ukuba khona noma ukungabi ezingavamile Kell antigen, okuyinto uma onikelayo evelelwa omuhle amangqamuzana abomvu egazi azivumelani iyiphi enye.