Iliphi iphuzu phansi ngokuthi izingongolo kwendawo? Iphuzu eliyinhloko, futhi imibuthano wonke

Umhlaba has simise eyindilinga, noma kunalokho, kuba okuncane isicaba at emaphethelweni ngesikhathi amaphuzu bafake izinti zalo. Kodwa akusilo obonakalayo ikakhulukazi emhlabeni, ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi umhlaba - kuyinto sphere, futhi ubuso bayo sithathwa eyindilinga.

Ukumaka Umhlaba meridians futhi ukufana kwenza ukuba ukunquma ngokunembile izixhumanisi iyiphi into enyakazayo (izindiza, namafu emvula), noma ubani unendima ezithile emhlabeni (edolobheni, isiqhingi). Wabanikeza eziningi izinzuzo nganoma yisiphi izinto ezinyakazayo emkhathini. Ngaphambili, abantu abaqondiswa izinkanyezi, ngokuma kwelanga esibhakabhakeni. Kwakungekhona eqondile njengoba ngokusebenzisa ezobuchwepheshe zanamuhla Nokho, kuthiwani uma you ngokuzuma uzithola esiqhingini desert kungekho zindlela ajwayelekile ezimpilweni zethu - Smartphones, amaphilisi, izincwadi, ngokulandelana, ngaphandle ukufinyelela i-Inthanethi, ngaphandle itilosi, kanye nezinye izinto, ukuthi kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukwazi lezo zindlela "esingesihle" kokubala izixhumanisi.

Ungasebenzisa uhlelo lokuhamba, okuzokwenza faka izixhumanisi oyifunayo kanye namadivayisi sasilokhu azokwazi ukuthutha lapho ufuna, ngaphandle indoda. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala. Cabangela iphuzu eliyinhloko kanye obungazungeza wonke.

Nasi ukwaziswa okungokomlando

Imibuzo mayelana izixhumanisi obakhathalelayo imiqondo yabantu isikhathi eside, ngisho ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile. ososayensi esele indlela yentuthuko Ukudidiyela uhlelo kwaba Hipparchus nekaPtolemy. Laba bantu babephila ku nekhulu lesibili nelokuqala BC, kodwa, nokho, njengoba ukunemba ngokwahlukana kungacacisa ukuthi izixhumanisi izinkanyezi. Yilabo ababe ngamadodana omkhulu kule nkathi yakhe, geography enamandla nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Yibo labo esethula umqondo ukuthi manje abasibiza ngokuthi Ukudidiyela uhlelo, futhi umsebenzi wabo isivele kucaca ukuthi leli izixhumanisi ezindawo. Ngaleso sikhathi, laba bantu abazange bazi ukuthi Umhlaba uzungeza ilanga, ebe. Hipparchus kwahlongozwa ebusweni iplanethi yethu angabhekwa indilinga ephelele, futhi isibonelo yayo Wabachazela le izisekelo ezahlukene ku-geometry eyindilinga.

Globe - imodeli inembe kakhulu kunazo zonke i-Earth

Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa wonke, ungakwazi kalula ukubona izixhumanisi yiliphi izwe, isiqhingi noma ezinye izinto. Ngosizo lwawo indlela elula kuboniswa kuyini meridians futhi ukufana izingongolo nezinye amaphuzu ezindawo imigqa zomhlaba.

By endleleni, wonke kuqala sidalwe kudala, ngisho ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile, bazenza ikesi ye Mallus e 150 BC, ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho Hipparchus nekaPtolemy wahlala. Yiqiniso, wonke kungenzeka zingabonisi yonke imininingwane kancane, kodwa ngokuvamile ivumela kahle ukuchaza isithombe mazombe, okuyinto iplanethi yethu, futhi wakubonisa ngezinga eliphelele, isibonelo, kungasetshenziswa noma iliphi iphuzu yomhlaba libizwa izigxobo ngokwebalazwe,

On wonke Kulula ukubona lapho kukhona yiliphi izwe, ulwandle, ulwandle, amazwekazi, noma ngisho indawo impumuzo yabo. Kuya ngokuthi uvezwa isidali wonke. Kungaba luyingxenye ezombusazwe, kuphela ingxenye amazwekazi kuleli zwe futhi inkomba yokukhipha izinto ezinkulu ezifana izilwandle. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kuyoba one ezincane zokuhlobisa. zezinhlobo Ukufundisa aqukethe ulwazi okuningi mayelana pole ezindawo isikhundla ezindawo kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yezwe.

Ngokuvamile, kukhona imingcele ezintathu ngawo elichaza Earth-Ukudidiyela ngokuya kwendawo. Ngenxa ukubheka amaphuzu ayinhloko, imigqa kanye nezindiza ezinemishini yokuthwebula ephambili ku surface eMhlabeni.

Uyini-eksisi eMhlabeni

Ingabe kukhona ukuthatha uMhlaba ibhola, kuba sobala ukuthi unesifiso umugqa enjalo, okuyinto figure stereometric okuwusizo. Kuyini lokhu? Lo mugqa, okuyinto ububanzi, ehamba izungeze okuyinto kwakha lonke umkhumbi sithombe. Yini ubukhulu ngokuziqhathanisa emhlabeni libizwa eksisi. Lo mugqa ngengqondo, okuyinto ngempela, kodwa kukhona kuyenzeka Ukujikeleza nsuku zonke, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi sidlula amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu nabasePoland.

Izinti Zomhlaba iplanethi

Iliphi iphuzu phansi ngokuthi izingongolo kwendawo? Lokho lawa kakhulu abandayo eliyincithakalo nasenyakatho naseningizimu izingongolo. I-geometry okuqinile lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isigxobo kwendawo" - iphuzu lapho-eksisi (idayagonali umzimba eyindilinga) eMhlabeni ephambana ne-sithombe. Lesi sakamuva kulokhu komhlaba.

Ngalezi izigxobo ezimbili konke meridians, iphuzu esizoxoxa ngalo ngezansi.

Yiziphi ukufana

Nweba ithathwa njengendlela sphere Nomhlaba kuchazwa kuka kulokhu kukhona ngokulinganisa. Uma sicabanga ukuthi izwe, ifana nomhlaba, liyisikhungo, eksisi Zomhlaba siyodlula ke ehlukana zibe izingxenye ezimbili alinganayo, njengoba ububanzi radii.

Uma sithola indiza ethile elisemnyango engeli ilungelo eksisi, kuyobe ukuwela kwenkululeko selilonke ezithile, isb emhlabeni emgqeni othiwa ngokulinganisa. Parallel kokuba ububanzi enkulu sidlula maphakathi Imbulunga yomhlaba, okuyinto oyibanga kanye yenkabazwe libizwa. It uhlukanisa sphere ku ama- amabili alinganayo. Yonke imibuthano ezifanayo zidalwe izindiza perpendicular eksisi, obizwa nangokuthi ukufana, kodwa imibuthano lincane uma liqhathaniswa yenkabazwe. Umugqa edabula izingongolo ngokwebalazwe, abizwa ngokuthi meridians. By the way, sibonga yenkabazwe ezweni lethu ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili - nasenyakatho naseningizimu. Ngakho, kukhona izingongolo kwendawo iplanethi enguMhlaba, okuyinto okuthiwa ngokuvumelana kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yaleli zwe.

Meridian

Uma uchitha iningi indiza ngokusebenzisa oluvala amasondo ngokwayo futhi ngokusebenzisa Kuma-pole, sithola ngenxa embuthanweni, okuthiwa "Meridian ngokugcwele." Zonke meridians zinobude obulinganako njengoba pass uqonde futhi amaphuzu amabili kuyo izindiza ezahlukene. ukushintsha kuphela indawo yabo.

Uhlelo meridians futhi ukufana, okuyinto eboniswe ebalazweni futhi wonke, yiyona network degree.

Kuyinto ezimbili ntathu, njengoba eshiwo izixhumanisi ezimbili kuphela - izixhumanisi ukufana latitude. Yilokho kwendawo? Lena izinombolo ezimbili, izibalo nobude. izinombolo ezinjalo izilinganiso ngokwamazinga kanye imizuzu.

Ekuqaleni isihloko sathi Umhlaba - hhayi ncamashi indilinga, wayengumhlali kancane isicaba. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? yenkabazwe ubude 40,075.7 amakhilomitha lapho Meridian obuphelele - 40,008.5 amakhilomitha. Pole kuthe ukusondela kakhudlwana yenkabazwe, okungenani ngokwezinga lembulunga yonke akusilo obonakalayo kakhulu.

Le ndiza we spheroid Umhlaba

Kuyinto labo izindiza ngengqondo okuyizinto parallel noma perpendicular-eksisi emhlabeni, okuyisidingo. Endaweni indiza lapho sidlula Meridian ibizwa ngokuthi, ngokulandelana, indiza Meridian Zomhlaba. I ovelele kakhulu wabo - kungcono Greenwich Meridian. Ahlukaniselane ezweni zasempumalanga futhi ama- entshonalanga. indiza eyinhloko sidlula yenkabazwe yomhlaba futhi ihlukane izingxenye ezimbili - Northern futhi ekuthunyelweni eNingizimu Nenkabazwe.

Kokuqala inkomba umugqa

Zonke izixhumanisi kubalwa usebenzisa evamile geometry okuqinile. Kukhethwe reference iphuzu, kunalokho, ireferensi Meridian kanye inkomba parallel kuyiphi sibala izixhumanisi iyiphi indawo eMhlabeni. Zero Meridian lowo sidlula London wakhethwa, okungukuthi, ngokusebenzisa Greenwich Observatory. Njengoba umugqa ukuthi ubhekwa umsuka latitude, unquma ukuthatha Meridian omude kunayo yonke - yenkabazwe.

Kuvele iqiniso elithakazelisayo ngale Greenwich Meridian. Kukhona simiso ukwabiwa at izixhumanisi ezithile, futhi iyaqhubeka ibizwa ngokuthi Umhlaba Geodetic System-84, noma esifushanisiwe njengoba WGS-84 (84 - unyaka bokuthi isimiso), okuyinto esetshenziswa ezweni lonke, futhi lapho zero Meridian kuyinto ers Izikhombo Meridian, odlulayo eduze Greenwich, 5,31 kuphela imizuzu emincane empumalanga.

Yini imigqa Zomhlaba ukunikeza nobude

Izingane esikoleni bavame udidekile lezi imiqondo - the meridians futhi ukufana lowo wonke, nokuthi i-longitude. Ngakho, yenkabazwe - kusukelaphi latitude ke lapho Greenwich Meridian liyithuluzi umugqa sokubalwa longitude.

I-latitude yezemvelo ungaba amanani asuka 0 kuya ku-90 degrees. Kuye ngalo eceleni yenkabazwe iphuzu, kunikezelwe ngenani lezinhlamvu enyakatho-latitude noma eningizimu. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, i-New York has a-latitude-40 degrees imizuzu 43 enyakatho-latitude, naseSydney kuyinto degrees 33 amaminithi 52 eningizimu ye-latitude. Kulotshiwe kanje: ⁴⁰ ° 43 ', ³³ 52'.

Ngokufanayo, longitude yezemvelo. It kungabuye ibalwa ngokusebenzisa degrees, imizuzu nje has longitude amagugu isukela 0 kuya 180 degrees. Kungenzeka Western, uma uzoya entshonalanga Meridian prime nasempumalanga (efanayo - empumalanga umugqa owehlayo okuyi-prime).

Njengoba kuboniswe ngaphambili, iqanda Meridian sidlula Greenwich futhi inenani 0 degrees. Futhi kuthiwani amaphuzu Umhlaba abizwa ngokuthi izingongolo kwendawo iplanethi futhi yini nawo ngesikhundla sabo? Lawa amaphuzu okuyinto abe namanani engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye uyakuzala lamadigri latitude lamadigri zero-longitude.

Kufinyeta

On iplanethi enguMhlaba, kanye enkundleni, kukhona amaphuzu ayisisekelo, imigqa kanye nezindiza ezinemishini yokuthwebula ephambili. Yini phansi iphuzu ngokuthi izingongolo ngokwebalazwe, siye kakade asebenzelana ngayo. Nanti iphuzu lapho eksisi ka diurnal ukujikeleza Earth. Uma indiza sidlula lesi-eksisi neziphambano izigxobo ngokwebalazwe, it yakha empambana emkhakheni Zomhlaba, ababiziweyo meridians.

Kukhona zero Meridian labona London, nabanye abaningana, okuyinto abe isici afinyelela ku-degree angu-180 (kungase kube okungenani 180). Uma abanye indiza sidlula-eksisi eMhlabeni ujikeleza, okungukuthi, perpendicular ke, ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo yabo ne sphere kuyinto Umhlaba ngokulinganisa. Parallel, esesikhundleni latitude enkulu libizwa yenkabazwe. He is inkomba esiyinhloko latitude. Zonke izixhumanisi kulinganiswa ngokwamazinga nezingxenye ezincane - imizuzu, imizuzwana. Ngo-degree elilodwa it has imizuzu ayisithupha, futhi ngomzuzu owodwa - imizuzwana engamashumi ayisithupha. primes ezimbili esetshenziswa abonisa imizuzwana (ezifana ukhombise amaminithi).