Uyini Pulsar: definition, izici futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Pulsars Kwatholakala ngengozi phakathi nawo-60-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi kokuma nge yerediyo, okuyinto ekuqaleni yakhelwe ukuhlola imithombo ehlukahlukene ekujuleni anombala ocwazimulayo isikhala yayingaziwa nhlobo. Ziyini lezi izinto isikhala?

Ukutholakala pulsars abacwaningi baseBrithani

Iqembu lososayensi - Dzhoslin Bell, Entoni Hyuis nabanye - olwenziwa ucwaningo eCambridge University. Lezi pulses zitholwa ngezikhawu 0.3 isekhondi., Futhi ukuvama kwazo kwaba 81,5 MHz. Khona-ke, izazi zezinkanyezi ziye ungakabi wacabanga ngalokho a Pulsar empeleni futhi siyini isimo sawo. Into yokuqala ebona - kuyamangaza bathola ukuvama "imiyalezo". Ngemva kulokolokoza evamile zenzeke imodi kunezinxushunxushu. Ngisho lososayensi Kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi lezi zimpawu ziwubufakazi uzama ukufinyelela esintwini sempucuko ezisemkhathini. yiyona isifinyezo English kwakusho amadoda amancane aluhlaza le kude ( "amadoda oluhlaza kancane") - Igama LGM wethulwa uqoke kubo. Abacwaningi waqala ukwenza umzamo sina-United States wokufunda "Ikhodi" ongaqondakali, futhi lokhu kwadonsela ovelele Ochwepheshe-ikhodi-amadlambi ezivela emhlabeni wonke. Nokho, imizamo yabo ayizange iphumelele.

Eminyakeni emithathu ezayo, izazi zezinkanyezi 3 imithombo efana atholakele. Futhi-ke, ososayensi baye baqaphela ukuthi lokhu Pulsar. Uvele isici yonke, ongesona isihlobo nemiphakathi ezisemkhathini. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho pulsars futhi lethiwa. Ukuze ukutholakala kwawo kwenziwe usosayensi Entoni Hyuish waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physics.

Yiziphi neutron izinkanyezi?

Kodwa naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuvulwa lokhu kwenzeka kudala, abaningi namanje nesithakazelo impendulo yombuzo othi "uyini Pulsar." Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba wonke umuntu angakwazi ozibongayo ukuthi esikoleni noma enyuvesi astronomy bakhe bafundisa ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Impendulo yalo mbuzo othi: Pulsar - inkanyezi neutron, kwakhiwa emva kwaqubuka supernova okuyinto. Futhi ngakho ukumangala ukuqinisela esikhathini okusizwa ukushaya kungaba kalula wachaza - imbangela kuba nokuzinza ukuzungeza izinkanyezi-neutron.

Kuyisayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi, pulsars enzelwe inombolo enamadijithi amane. Futhi Izinombolo ezimbili zokuqala ukhombise igama iwashi, futhi ezimbili ezilandelayo - imizuzu, okuyinto enzakalayo kokwenyuka umfutho. Futhi ngaphambi amadijithi ezibekwe izincwadi ezimbili, okuyinto okubhalwe by ezindaweni ezivulekile. Elokuqala zonke kokutholakala pulsars wabizwa ngokuthi CP 1919 (noma "Cambridge Pulsar ').

quasars

Yiziphi pulsars futhi quasars? Sesivele esiphethweni sokuthi pulsars kuyimithombo umsakazo enamandla kabani emisebeni bagxila kule pulses ngazinye imvamisa ezithile. Quasars nazo phakathi izinto ezithakazelisayo kunawo wonke endaweni yonke. Futhi elikhanyayo kakhulu - ukudlula e amandla amandla jikelele emisebeni zemithala afana i-Milky Way. Quasars zitholwe izazi zezinkanyezi njengoba izinto redshift okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokusho kwenye imfundiso yokuziphendukela ethandwa, quasars - imithala ngenkathi kusaqala yentuthuko, ngaphakathi kwalo kukhona Supermassive Black Hole.

Pulsar, bhá emlandweni

Omunye edume kakhulu lezi izinto Yonke Endaweni Yonke kuyinto Pulsar ku-Crab Nebula. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso libonisa ukuthi Pulsar - lokhu ingenye izinto esithakazelisa kunazo zonke endaweni yonke.

Ukuqhuma lenkanyezi neutron ku-Crab Nebula zamanje wawunamandla kangangokuba asikwazi ngisho ukulingana imfundiso yesimanje of isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini. Ngo 1054 BC. e. emkhathini bakhanya Inkanyezi entsha, okuyinto namuhla okubizwa ngokuthi SN 1054. Lokhu kuqhuma ke kwaphawuleka ngisho ngesikhathi sasemini, okwakubekelwa eqinisekisiwe eChina zemihla Arab. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-Yurophu akasibonanga ukuqhuma - ke umphakathi Wayegxile kakhulu ezinqubeni phakathi Pope inxusa lakhe, Cardinal Humber ukuthi akukho isazi sikhathi akazange ukuqopha ukuqhuma ngemisebenzi yakhe. Ngemva amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka, endaweni yonke indawo ngenxa yokuqhuma iye yathola esigaxeni entsha, kamuva elika Crab. owathola yayo, uWilliam Parsons, ngasizathu simbe ke wakhumbuza injalo ibaleka.

A Pulsar PSR B0531 + 21 elaqala ukutholwa ngo-1968, nokuthi Pulsar kwaba okokuqala, ukuthi ososayensi baye bathola nge izinsalela supernova. Umthombo okusizwa ukushaya, uma wahlulela u ngokuqinile akuyona inkanyezi, nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-plasma yesibili kwakhiwa okuyinto e kazibuthe ligijima ngejubane inkanyezi breakneck. Imvamisa ukujikeleza Pulsar we esigaxeni Crab kuyizikhathi 30 ngomzuzwana.

Ukutholakala, okuyinto angahambisani ku kohlaka kunemibono yanamuhla

Kodwa lokhu Pulsar ayamangalisa hhayi kuphela ukukhanya yayo futhi imvamisa. Okusanda kwatholakala ukuthi PSR B0531 + 21 likhipha imisebe ewusizo yokuguga ibanga idlula uphawu volts kwezigidi eziyizi-100. Le nombolo izikhathi eziyisigidi njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo radiation, isetshenziswa imishini kwezokwelapha, futhi kuba eliphakeme ngokuphindwe kayishumi kwenani elichazwa imfundiso yesimanje ye-gamma rays. Martin Schroeder, isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika u, uthi ke ngale ndlela: "Uma iminyaka emibili nje edlule, ocele yimuphi umbuzo isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini, lolu hlobo kungatholakala ukuthi emisebeni beniyomamukela i ocacile" cha ". Lo mbono, okuyinto engasinqanda Eqinisweni evulekile nje ayikho. "

Yiziphi pulsars futhi kanjani they kwamiswa: imfihlakalo astronomy

Ngosizo lokucwaninga we-Crab Nebula Pulsar, ososayensi unombono mayelana nesimo salezi isikhala izinto ezingaqondakali. Manje umqondo can ucishe esicacile sokuthi Pulsar. Umbala wawo alichaza yokuthi esigabeni sokugcina kwemvelo yayo, abanye izinkanyezi umlilo futhi ziqhuma elikhulu fireworks isibonisi - kukhona ukuzalwa supernova. Kusukela izinkanyezi evamile zingabantu ohlukaniswa flash okukhiphayo. Vele emthaleni wethu kukhona nokuqubuka ezinjalo mayelana 100 ngonyaka. Nje kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kwandisa luminosity ka-supernova ezikhathini eziyizigidi ezimbalwa.

Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke esigaxeni kanye pulsars avele esikhundleni supernova ukuqhuma. Nokho, ukugcina pulsars bengayi zonke izinsalela yalolu hlobo izindikimba zasezulwini. Kufanele ungayididanisi abathandi astronomy - emva Pulsar kungenziwa kuphela ebonwe umcimbi ukuthi itholakala nge-engela ezithile ngokushintshana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa kwesimo sabo pulsars "baphile" lungaphezu esigaxeni lapho basuke kwakhiwa. Ososayensi abasuke bengakakwazi ukusebenzisa ukukhomba izizathu ezenza inkanyezi chilled futhi ebonakala, okwase kukudala bafa iba umthombo onamandla namagagasi omsakazo. Naphezu kobuningi ka imicabango, impendulo yalo mbuzo, izazi zezinkanyezi ukuba sivumele esizayo.

Pulsars nge esifitshane ujikeleza

Mhlawumbe, labo uyazibuza ukuthi yini i-Pulsar, futhi yiziphi izindaba zakamuva kusukela isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini yalezi izinto ezingcwele, futhi kuyoba mnandi ukwazi lonke inani usuku evulekile izinkanyezi ezinjalo. Namuhla, ososayensi ukwazi kabanzi 1300 pulsars. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu - 90% - lezi zinkanyezi pulsate ku uhla kusuka 0.1 kuya 1 yesibili. Kukhona ngisho pulsars nge izinkathi ngisho kancane - bebizwa amasekhondi amancane. Omunye wabo Satholwa izazi zezinkanyezi ngo-1982 e umlaza Vulpecula. Phakathi Ukujikeleza walo wawenziwe imizuzwana 0,00155 kuphela. ukumelwa wokuhlelwa kwendikimba Pulsar kufaka-eksisi kuphenduka, lo magnetic field futhi amaza omsakazo.

Okunjalo Ukujikeleza iDemo izinkathi pulsars, futhi wakhonza njengephayona agumenti main esivuna ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi ngokwemvelo yabo basuke ujikelezisa neutron izinkanyezi (pulsars kuyinto yinye inkulumo ethi "i-neutron inkanyezi"). Ngemva nendikimba ethile esemkhathini kwesikhathi ukujikeleza kufanele kube obukhulu kakhulu. Izifundo lezi izinto usaqhubeka. Lapho ezwa ukuthi pulsars neutron, hhayi ososayensi baye bama e amaqiniso ngaphambilini wathola. Phela, izinkanyezi babe ezimangalisayo - khona kwabo bekungenzeka ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi amabutho centrifugal ezingavela ngenxa ukujikeleza ingaphansi amandla adonsela phansi ukuthi uzibophele lwalezozinto Pulsar.

Imihlobo ehlukeneko neutron izinkanyezi

Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi pulsars nge ms inkathi Ukujikeleza ungeyena abasha, kunalokho, phakathi endala. Futhi pulsars kulesi sigaba babe izinkambu umpofu kazibuthe.

Kukhona uhlobo neutron inkanyezi, okuthiwa-X-ray pulsars. Lezi izinto ezisemkhathini ukuthi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana X-ray. Futhi basonta isigaba neutron izinkanyezi. Nokho, pulsars nezinkanyezi ukuthi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana-X ray, isinyathelo ehlukile futhi babe izakhiwo ezahlukene. Ngokokuqala ngqá lolu hlobo Pulsar latholakala 1972 e umlaza ka Hercules.

Ubunjalo pulsars

Lapho abacwaningi kuphela aseqalile ukufunda lokho pulsars, anquma ukuthi neutron izinkanyezi babe uhlobo olufanayo kanye kwabantu njengoba nuclei zama-athomu. Lesi siphetho yathinteka ngoba bonke pulsars ejwayelekile emisebeni kanzima - nse, okuhambisana nendlela ezisabela ngayo zenuzi. Nokho, izibalo okwengeziwe avunyelwe izazi zezinkanyezi ukuba wenze enye isitatimende. Uhlobo isikhala letigcogcwe ngaphambilini "Pulsar" - nendikimba ethile esemkhathini ukuthi kufana amaplanethi amakhulukazi (ngenye ngokuthi "izinkanyezi infrared").