Imifanekiso ye-Sufi nefilosofi

Ifilofifilosofi yeSufi iyindlela ekhethekile e-Islam, okuyiyona eyimfihlakalo, ukuhlukumezeka nokuziqhenya kuyisici. I-etymology yomqondo wokuthi "Ubushushisi" akucacile: ososayensi abathile bacabanga ukuthi itholakala egameni elithi "uboya" (okuvela kulo isondo elibuhlungu), abanye babona igama elithi "ibhentshi" (lapho amaSufis ayehlezi khona). Futhi umsuka womqondo wokuthi "Ubushushu" ungathonywa yi-impande "Sufi" - ehlanzekile.

Imvelaphi yemfundiso

Abokuqala abaSufi bavela emakhulwini e-VIII-IX. N. E., Ngokushesha emva kokuvela nokusabalala kwamaSulumane. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwabacwaningi abaningi, amahlumela okuqala emfundiso kaSufi azalwa esikhathini sesikhathi esidala. Ukuzidla kwakunamathele ezintweni ezingokomoya ezinkolweni nezinkolelo eziningi zasendulo, kodwa isisekelo sawo sasingumuntu oqinile.

The Great Sheikh

Isazi sefilosofi esaziwa kakhulu kunazo zonke nesaziwa yi-Muhiyi ad-Din Ibn 'Arabi, ngenxa yokuhlakanipha kwakhe okuthiwa yi-Great Sheikh. Ithonya lakhe lalingcono kakhulu kulabo abaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo kanye nabacwaningi bezizukulwane ezizayo, ngisho nabameleli bezinye izinhlangothi zefilosofi. Kukholelwa ukuthi ipeni lika-Ibn 'Arabi lingamagama angaphezu kuka-100 okubhala nokufilosofi. Phakathi kwabo, "izimbulo zikaMeccan", ezibizwa ngokuthi i-encyclopedia ye-Sufism futhi ziqukethe izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi, kanye nesivumelwano sefilosofi esithi "Gems of Wisdom" kanye nezinkondlo ekuqoqweni "Isitatimende Sokukhathazeka".

Izinkinga eziyinhloko: ubunye bezinto eziphikisanayo

Imfundiso yeSufi iphakamisa imibuzo eminingi: uNkulunkulu angaqonda kanjani ukuthi yedwa kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo edala zonke izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba; Indoda ihlala kuphi emhlabeni, futhi isenzo sakhe sihambisana kanjani nentando kaNkulunkulu; Yiziphi amathuba kanye nemikhawulo yokuqonda nokusebenza komuntu.

Ebusweni kukhona umbuzo wobumbano obuphikisanayo: i-temporal ihlukaniswe kusukela ephakade, enye isuka efanako, esemhlabeni evela kuNkulunkulu. Futhi incazelo yalo mqondo awunayo ifilosofi kuphela. Iyaqhubeka ngaphandle kwemingcele yayo, iphakamise imibuzo emkhakheni wokuziphatha, ukuziphatha, ukuziphatha nokukholelwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunamathela emkhosini wamaSulumane uhlala: yilokho inkolo e-Sufism ebhekwa njengeyona ephakeme kakhulu kunazo zonke izimfundiso ezinikezwe isintu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinkolelo zamaSulumane nezinkolelo zamaSulumane kubonakaliswa ukuthi i-Sufis iyakuphika ukuthi isono sinjalo (kodwa hhayi isono sokwedlula ngokweqile) futhi sibonisa ukungathandi kwemikhuba yobuKristu yokuzimela. U-Sufis uthi: injabulo ayikwazi ukuhlukana ngokweqile ngokomoya noma ngokwehlukana kule ndaba; Injabulo - emndenini wabo, lapho kokubili lokho kanye nezinye izidingo zomuntu zaneliseka .

Imibuzo esemqoka: umuntu - ukuzalwa okuvela kuNkulunkulu

Ngefomu lobudala, ifilosofi yamaSufi imemezela ubumbano we-oda lomhlaba, okungukuthi, ukuxhumana okungenakuhlukaniswa phakathi kweqiniso neNdalo, uNkulunkulu nezwe. Esinye isikhundla esibalulekile seSufi zokuziphatha sinikeza ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwesenzo nenhloso. Lo mbono uphinde usekelwe efilosofi yamaSulumane. Ngokusho komqondo we-Sufi, umphumela wento ethile ngokuqondile kuxhomeke enjongweni, futhi wonke umuntu uthola lokho akufunayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimiso esiyisisekelo sobusuku ukuthi akukho sitatimende esingasinakunyakaziswa.

Ngokwezinkolelo zeSufis, umuntu uyindlela kaNkulunkulu yokubonakalisa, futhi kuzo zonke izenzo zakhe uqondiswa intando kaNkulunkulu, futhi uma sibheke ngokuqondile - siyaziqondisa ngoNkulunkulu. Ngalo mqondo, ayikho indlela engalungile, ngoba yonke imigwaqo iholela kuNkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke ifilosofi yamaSufi igcina ukubekezelelana kwezenkolo: ngoba akukho nolwazi emhlabeni olukhona ngaphandle kolwazi ngoNkulunkulu, futhi akukho isenzo esenziwa kwezinye izisusa, ngaphandle kokuzama uNkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, noma iyiphi inkolo kuyiqiniso. Into eyiyodwa engamanga ukumemezela kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezemfundiso yenkolo kuphela eqinisweni kanye nokuphika okwenyuka kwamanye izinkolo. I-Sufis ibona iqiniso, kunoma yiluphi uhlobo oluvezwayo.

Inhloso Yokuzizwa

Isihloko esiyinhloko sefilosofi ye-Sufism yinkululeko yomphefumulo. Umlobi waseSufi owaziwa kakhulu uRumi wabhala: "Umphefumulo emhlabeni usejele, futhi uzohlala lapho nje uhlala emhlabeni." Ukucima ukoma inkululeko kungaba ukuphakama okungokomoya, isifiso sokuhlangana noNkulunkulu. I-Sufi ayifuni nje ukucabanga ngokuthi ukhona, uhlala lapha futhi manje. Abalandeli bale mfundiso bazama ukuziqonda futhi bafundise abanye ukukhuluma ngokuqondile noNkulunkulu, ngoba akudingeki ukuba basebenzise usizo lwabapristi. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi uSufis washushiswa futhi wagxekwa ama-Islamist orthodox. Ngokwengxenye, lesi simo sengqondo sigcinwa kuze kube yilolu suku.

Into eyinhloko e-Sufism imfundo yomuntu "ophelele" ongakwazi ukuphakama ngaphezu kwezinto ezingasemhlabeni kanye nokubonakaliswa okungekho emvelo. Indlela enkulu engokomoya ye-Sufi ibizwa ngokuthi "i-Tarikat". Isibonelo salokwakheka okungokomoya yi-biography yomprofethi Muhammad.

Ithonya lamaSulumane emasiko

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwashukumisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwefilosofi, ukuziphatha kanye ne-aesthetics, izincwadi kanye nobuciko. Ukuhlakanipha kukaSufi kubonakala emisebenzini yalabo abalingiswa baseMpumalanga nabalingisi bezinkathi zakudala zase-Middle Ages njengo Farid ad-Din al-'Attar, Ibn al-Farid, Jalalad-Din ar-Rumi, Omar Khayyam, Jami, Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna), Nizami Ganjavi , U-Ali Shir Navoi, njll, owadala ngesisekelo sokufaniswa kweSufi yothando, elangazelela abathandekayo (okungukuthi, uNkulunkulu). Ngokusho kwe-Sufis, uthando (mahabba) luyisimo esiphakeme somphefumulo womuntu, okuholela ekubumbeni phakathi kothando nabathandekayo.

Yakhiwe emakhulwini e-X-XV. Izincwadi zeSufi zimelelwe ikakhulukazi izinkondlo ezenziwe ngezilimi zaseMpumalanga NaseMpumalanga Ephakathi: i-Arabhu, i-Farsi, isiTurkey, isiPheresiya, isi-Urdu, njll. Indawo ehlukile ihlala emifanekisweni kaSufi, okuyi-quintessence yokuhlakanipha kwale mfundiso yobufilosofi neyengqondo.

The themes of the parables

Uyini umzekeliso? Ngomqondo ovame kakhulu, lokhu kuyindaba emfushane yokufundisa, umqondo oyisisekelo wokuziphatha ovezwa ngendlela evelele.

Izwe elivula imifanekiso ye-Sufi liholela eqinisweni leqiniso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lihlukile, njengokuphila ngokwalo, futhi kudidekile kakhulu. Wonke umuntu uyaqonda le mifanekiso ngendlela yakhe, kodwa bonke baphishekela inhloso efanayo. Enhliziyweni yabo ukuqonda iqiniso ngothando nangokushiywa kombono wokuzifihla "mina" wokuzifihla. Ukuqonda lobuciko obuyinkimbinkimbi, umuntu angathola ukuthanda kwakhe okuvela kuNkulunkulu.

Imizekeliso ye-poetic kaRumi

Ezinye izifanekiselo zeSufi zilotshwe ngendlela ye-prosaic, abanye - ngesibongo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa, isibonelo, umsebenzi wembongi uRumi. Eqoqwe encwadini ethi "Road of Transformation", imifanekiso yeSufi yahunyushwa kusukela olimini lwesiPersi nguDmitry Shchedrovitsky. Banikwa imibono yenkolo nefilosofi ngaphambi komfanekiso ngamunye. Futhi le ncwadi ihlanganisa ukuziphatha okuhle-ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okunikezwa uMark Khatkevich. Kokubili ukuphawula kusiza ekuqondeni kangcono ukujula kanye nokujula okungokomoya nokuziphatha kwemifanekiso. Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa ngo-2007 endlini yokushicilela i-Oaklik (eMoscow).

Imifanekiso ye-Sufi yothando

Ngokusho kwefilosofi yaseSufi , uthando luyisisekelo sezulu nomoya oshayela ezandleni zikaNkulunkulu, obizwa ngale mfundiso ngabathandekayo. Emifanekisweni yothando, imfundiso ye-Sufi yaphezulu ikhonjiswe ngendlela engafaniyo, ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwezithombe. Ngokwesibonelo, umlando we-Arabhu owaziwa kakhulu wothando lomfana osemusha uKais (owaziwa ngegama elithi Majnun, "wawela enhlanhleni") usetshenziselwa intombazane uLeyli. Emfanekisweni wezokugcina, uNkulunkulu ukhonjiswa, futhi emfanekisweni kaMajnun - umphefumulo, elambile ulwazi lwesithombe sikaNkulunkulu, ukuphelela okungokomoya nokuqonda kweqiniso eliphakeme. Ngokusho kweSufis, ipharadesi akuyona indawo, kodwa isimo. Yilapho inhliziyo igcwele uthando olungokomoya, futhi amehlo abonakala ejulile kunezwe elibonakalayo. Ngenxa yalokho, umbono womuntu awuyikho kodwa ukubonakala komphefumulo wakhe, isithombe sakhe sangaphakathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kungenzeka ukuguqula izwe elizungezile kuphela ngokuhlanzwa kwangaphakathi nokugcwalisa uthando oluqotho. Futhi kanye nalo kufika injabulo, ukwaneliseka, ukuvumelana nokubonga.

Izibonelo zemifanekiso yothando kukhona imisebenzi kaRumi "Uthando lweMejnun", "Majnun neNja", "Indaba Yenkanuko Yomthandi" nguNavoi, "Mayelana Nabathandi", "Abathandekayo" ngo-Sanaya. Le mibono, ebhaliwe ngabalobi abahlukene, ihlangene nomqondo ojwayelekile wokuthi uthando lwangempela kuphela, luthando oluqeda wonke umuntu lunikeza ukuqonda kwangempela okudalula kumuntu iqiniso kuyilo lonke ukukhanya kwalo.

Ezinye imifanekiso ye-Sufi

Izihloko ezivamile zemizekeliso yimibuzo yokuqashelwa, ukuthola okufunayo, ukuziphatha okuhle , njll. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu sokuhlakanipha ngumfanekiso weSufi wamanzi. Emithonjeni ehlukene ibizwa ngokuthi "Uma amanzi eshintsha," "Sage namanzi," noma "Amanzi okuphuza." Njengawuphi umzekeliso weSufi, ungaba nezincazelo ezimbalwa futhi uqondwe ngokuhlukile ngabantu abahlukene. Iningi libuza ukuthi amanzi amasha ayelimaza noma azuzisa. Abanye bazibuza ukuthi ngabe i-protagonist yomdwebo yenza into enhle yini, okokuqala engaphuzi amanzi amasha futhi ebalekela ubuhlanya, kodwa-ke, engakwazi ukubekezelela isizungu, kodwa wajoyina isixuku. Okunye ukubukeka okuthakazelisayo esakhiweni somdwebo kungase kube umbuzo: "Kungani le ndoda ikhetha ukuzisindisa emanzini amasha yodwa, kunokuzama ukuthola abantu abafana nomqondo?"

Ngamanye amazwi, imifanekiso ye-Sufi ayinayo incazelo eyodwa, futhi incazelo yayo ibonakaliswe kumuntu ozocabangela nokuzibuza imibuzo. Ekugcineni, umuntu ngamunye uzobona emfanekisweni okuthile okwakhe.

Imizekeliso yeSufi ingumthombo oyingqayizivele wokuhlakanipha osiza umuntu ukuvula izingqondo zabo futhi abuze imibuzo engakaze ifike kuye. Ifilosofi ye-Sufism yinto ethakazelisayo, eyakhiwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka kusukela ekusebenzeni kuya ekufundiseni. Uyaziwa ngokubekezela kwakhe okuphawulekayo nokuvuleka kolwazi olusha ngoNkulunkulu. Abafundisi beSufi babiza izimfundiso zabo ngokuthi "inkolo yothando."