UPaul Feyerabend: imibono eyisisekelo

Ikhulu leminyaka lama-20 laletha ukudumazeka okukhulu kwesintu: ukuphila komuntu kunciphile, izinhloso zenkululeko, ukulingana kanye nokuhlangana, okwakulwa ngakho kakhulu, ngaphambili. Imiqondo yokuhle nokubi izuze umbala omusha kanye nokwazisa. Konke abantu ababeqiniseka ukuthi baba yisihlobo. Ngisho nomqondo onjalo oqinile owaziwa ngokuthi "ulwazi" uye wahlushwa ukugxekwa nokukhungatheka. Kusukela lapho ifilosofi yaqala ukuphazamisa isayensi, empilweni yabososayensi kwakukhona izikhathi ezinzima. I-anarchism yenqubo kaPaul Feyerabend yadlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu. Isihloko sethu sizokhuluma ngemibono yakhe yefilosofi.

Umgqugquzeli womphakathi wesayense

UPaul Karl Feyerabend emhlabeni wefilosofi yendabuko wayengumphulukisi wangempela wesihogo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wababuza yonke imigomo nemigomo yolwazi lwesayensi. Wathuthumela kakhulu igunya lesayensi njengelonke. Ngaphambi kokufika kwayo, isayensi yayiyisisekelo esiyinhloko solwazi oluphelele. Okungenani kwakukhathazekile lezozinto ezitholwe zivele zibonisiwe. Ungazibuza kanjani isipiliyoni semfundiso? UFeyerabend ubonise ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso. Akazange asuke ekuthukutheleni okungenangqondo. Uthandwe ngezikhathi ezithile ukufakazela ukukhuluma kukaMarx noma uMao Zedong, ukubhekisela ekuphumeleleni kwama-shaman eLatin America nokuphumelela kwemilingo yabo, bafakazela ngokusobala isidingo sokungadluli amandla angqondo. Izazi zefilosofi eziningi zaleso sikhathi zazimbheka njengento engathandabuzwayo noma i-clown. Noma kunjalo, imibono yakhe yaba yinye yezinto ezithandekayo kakhulu ekucabangeni komuntu ngekhulu lama-20.

Umama Anarchy

Omunye wemisebenzi edume kakhulu, eyabhalwa nguPaul Feyerabend, yincwadi ethi "Against contraction methodological". Kulokho okufakazela ngokuqiniseka ukuthi iningi eliphelele lezinto ezitholakele zesayensi azizange zenzeke ngokusetshenziswa kwemibono evunyelwe ngokuvamile, kodwa ngokuqondile ngenxa yokuphika kwabo. Isazi sefilosofi sincenga ukuba sibheke isayensi ngeso elicacile, singagcini ngemithetho yakudala. Sivame ukucabanga ukuthi okujwayelekile kuyinyaniso. Eqinisweni, kuvela ukuthi ukucabanga okuhluke ngokuphelele kuholela eqinisweni. Ngakho-ke, uPaul Feyerabend wamemezela isimiso esithi "konke kungenzeka". Hlola, futhi ungathembi, umyalezo oyisisekelo wefilosofi yakhe. Ekuboneni kokuqala, akukho okungajwayelekile ngalokhu. Kodwa isazi sefilosofi sinquma ukuhlola ngisho nalawo mbono asebeyizinsika eside ensimini yabo. Kunokuba ngokushesha kwaze kwaba yilapho ngivunyelwe ngokujulile phakathi kwezwe lobuchwepheshe bezinkolo. Waze wagxeka isimiso sokucabanga nokufuna iqiniso, abacwaningi abaye balandela amakhulu eminyaka.

Indlela engafanele yokucabanga

Yini uPaul Feyerabend anikele ngokubuyisela? Ngokumelene nendlela yokwakha iziphetho kusukela ekuboneni kakade okukhona kanye namaqiniso aqinisekisiwe, ubiza ukuthi asebenzise ukungavumelani, ekuboneni kokuqala, ukucabanga okungenangqondo. Lokhu kungahambelani kunomthelela ekwandiseni ama-horizons esayensi. Ngenxa yalokho, usosayensi uzokwazi ukuhlola kangcono ngamunye wabo. Isazi sefilosofi siphakamisa futhi ukuthi singayinaki isikhalazo kuzinkolelo ezikhohliwe isikhathi eside, njengokungathi zilandela leli zwi ukuthi konke okusha kudala okukhohliwe. UFeyerabend uchaza lokhu ngokumane nje: akukho mbono ongagcinwa ngokuphelele ngokusemandleni okuphikisa nganoma isiphi isitatimende. Ngokushesha noma kamuva kuyoba khona iqiniso elizokwenza ukungabaza kulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele sikhoxise isici somuntu, ngoba amaqiniso akhethwe ososayensi ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezithandayo, kusuka kwesifiso esisodwa sokufakazela icala labo.

Paul Feyerabend: Philosophy of Science

Esinye isidingo esibalulekile isazi sefilosofi ngolwazi lwesayensi kwaba khona izinkolelo eziningi zokuncintisana, okungukuthi, ukukhula. Ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye, bayoqhubeka bethuthukisa. Ngokubusa komqondo ofanayo, kuyingozi ukuthi ibe yinto ehlelekile futhi ibe yindabakwanekwane. UFeyerabend wayengumphikisi ophikisayo womqondo wokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi, lapho imibono emisha ilandela ngokulandelana kusukela endala. Wayekholelwa ukuthi, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukucabanga okulandelayo ngalunye kukhansela okwedlule, kuwuphikisana ngokuqinile. Kulokhu wabona amandla okuthuthukisa ukucabanga komuntu kanye nekusasa lesintu.

Club of ochwepheshe

Ezinye izitatimende zikaFeyerabend zingathathwa njengokuphika kokuvumelana kwesayensi ngokujwayelekile. Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso ngempela. Uvele asitshele ukuthi umuntu akufanele athembele ngokungaphezi ngokungaziphathi kwesayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokungafani noPapper wakhe wesikhathi esifanayo, owakhuthaza ososayensi ukuba aphikise imibono yakhe, uPaul Feyerabend wagcizelela ukuthi kubalulekile ukunikeza imibono yakhe ngezincazelo eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kuyinto efiselekayo yokwakhiwa ngezizathu ezahlukene. Kuphela ngale ndlela, ngokombono wakhe, umuntu angazigwema ukuzethemba. Kuyinto efana nomdlalo "Yini?" Kuphi? Nini? ", Lapho ochwepheshe basebenzela khona kuphela uma kwenzeka izimpendulo ezimbalwa ezicatshangelwayo, ngokuzikhethela ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu.

Imibuzo ishiywe ingaphenduliwe

Enye yezincwadi ezidabukisayo kakhulu ukuthi uPaul Feyerabend wabhala "Ukulwa nendlela." Umqondo wokudalwa kwawo wanikezwa isazi sefilosofi ngumngane wakhe u-Imre Lakatos. Umqondo womsebenzi wukuthi yonke into eyakhelwe kule ncwadi nguFeyerabend, iLakatos yayiyogxeka kakhulu futhi idale eyakhe - ephikisayo. Idizayini ngendlela yohlobo oluthile lwezobuhlakani lusemoyeni womsunguli we-anarchism yenqubo. Ukufa kweLakatos ngo-1974 kwavimbela lo mbono ukuthi ungaqaliswa. Kodwa-ke, uFeyerabend usakhipha incwadi yakhe ekukhanyeni, nokho kuleso simo esinezinhliziyo ezincane. Kamuva, isazi sefilosofi sabhala ukuthi ngokuhlaselwa kwakhe ngesimo sokuqondisisa kulo msebenzi wayefuna ukubiza u-Imre ngokuzivikela kwakhe.

UPaul Feyerabend. "Isayensi emphakathini wamahhala"

Mhlawumbe, lo msebenzi wefilosofi wenza ngisho nokuhlambalaza okungaphezu kokuthi "Ngokumelene nendlela." Kuyo Feyerabend ibonakala njenge-antispoten anti-centrist. Uphula yonke into eyenziwa yizizukulwane eziningi ososayensi njengokweGrail Engcwele. Ngaphezu kwakho konke okukulesi sandulela salencwadi enqabile, isazi sefilosofi siyavuma ukuthi umane nje wasungula konke lokhu. "Kumelwe uhlale kwenye into," usho ngokuyimfihlo. Lapha u-Feyerabend futhi wadala yonke le mbono, cishe ngangokunokwenzeka ukushaqeka izethameli. Futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubangela isithakazelo sakhe esishisayo, esingenakukwenza kodwa sithinte ukuthengiswa kwencwadi. Abambalwa ososayensi abathintekayo bangavuma ngobuqotho ukuthi yonke ucwaningo lwakhe lwakhiwe. Nakuba ngokuvamile kuvame ukuba khona eqinisweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, mhlawumbe lokhu kungenye ukucasula?

Ingabe i-pean clown noma ilungelo?

Yini uPaul Feyerabend ayefuna ukuyifinyelela ngemibono yakhe? Isiqondiso somqondo wefilosofi ekhulwini lama-20 kunzima ukuchaza esikhathini esisodwa. "Ama-isms" ahlukahlukene ahlwanyiswa ngombala omuhle hhayi kuphela kwezobuciko, kodwa nasesayensi, futhi eshaqisayo njengendlela yokusho nokuzibeka emhlabeni kube yinto ephumelela kakhulu. Kubangela ukuthukuthela nokucasula kubantu abanezindleko zabo ezivusa amadlingozi, uFeyerabend wayefuna ukuvusa ukuphikisa kwabo. Awuvumi? Ucabanga ukuthi indlela yami engalungile? Ngikholelwa! Nikeza ubufakazi bakho! Kubonakala sengathi kushukumisa isintu ukungathembeli amaqiniso angaziwa, kodwa ukuthola izimpendulo zodwa. Mhlawumbe, uma incwadi ethi "Isayensi emphakathini wamahhala" ishicilelwe inguqulo yayo yokuqala, imibuzo eminingi mayelana nokudala kukaFeyerabend yayiyophela yodwa.

Ingabe uPaul Feyerabend wayengumuntu ophikisana nososayensi noma wadala umqondo omusha wokuqashelwa? Ukufunda umsebenzi wakhe, kunzima ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Naphezu kokuthi waziveza ngokucacile imibono yakhe, ngisho nakakhulu, umuntu uthola umbono wokuthi konke lokhu kuyimfucumfucu yezitatimende ezivusa amadlingozi. Mhlawumbe ukufaneleka okukhulu kwesazi sefilosofi kwakubhekisela ekutheni ukwehluleka kwesayensi kanye nesidingo sokufuna izindlela ezihlukile zokwazi umhlaba. Kunoma yikuphi, ukujwayela ubuciko balo muntu othakazelisayo kakhulu kubalulekile.