UmthethoState kanye nomthetho

Imisebenzi namalungelo yiziphi?

Umuntu ngamunye ngaphandle kokungacabangi angacatshangwa hhayi kuphela ekuhlanganiseni kwakhe komphakathi, kodwa futhi nangokwezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, abantu bahlangana njalo ngezikhungo ezihlukahlukene ezidalwa yizo. Omunye wabo ulungile. Lesi simo esivelele sibonakala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ekutholeni abantu indlela engcono yokulawula uhlobo lwabo. Njengoba umlando ubonisiwe, ukusesha kwakungeyona ize.

Namuhla, ngenxa yomthetho, cishe wonke umjikelezo wokuphila wezwe lomhlaba wenziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simo sezenhlalakahle sashintsha izikhathi eziningi, okwaholela ekukhuleni kwenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zomthetho. Kodwa kulesi sihloko umlobi angathanda ukuhlala ekhuluma ngendaba yokuxhumana phakathi komuntu nombuso, okwenziwa yilo noma lelo gatsha elisemthethweni. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kuxhumana kukhona ngenxa yezimfanelo ezifakiwe umuntu ngamunye, isakhamuzi noma inhlangano yabantu ngabanye abanelungelo ngaphandle kokungafani. Lezi zimfanelo zingamalungelo nemisebenzi.

Umqondo womthetho

Amalungelo abantu nezibopho yizici ezinika wonke umuntu ithuba lokusebenzisana emkhakheni othile wokuphila. Noma kunjalo, zonke lezi zakhi zixhunyiwe ngokungenakunyaniswa nenye into - umthetho. Ngako-ke, ngaphambi kokucabangela umqondo womthetho, imisebenzi, udinga ukuqonda kuqala ukuthi yiliphi leli gama elijwayelekile.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lesi simo sikhona sokulawulwa kobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle. Ngombono we-classical, umthetho wuhlelo oluvunywa ngokujwayelekile, izinkambiso zomhlaba ezibophezelayo eziqinisekiswe yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni eziqondisa ngokuqondile ubuhlobo bomphakathi kwelinye noma enye insimu yomsebenzi. Kuzo zonke izizwe ezikhona namuhla, umthetho unemfanelo yawo. Ngakho-ke, kunzima ukuhlukanisa izinhlelo ezimbili zomthetho ezifanayo ngokuphelele. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lo mlawuli wezobudlelwane bomphakathi uhlelekile, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukucabangela ngokuhlukile izinto zalo eziyisisekelo.

Uhlelo lomthetho

Ngokuqondile uhlelo lokulawulwa komthetho lwenziwa ngezakhi eziyisisekelo zalesi simiso. Ososayensi bavame ukuhlukanisa izinto ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho: imboni, isikhungo, evamile. Igatsha lomthetho liyisethi yezobudlelwane obufanayo kakhulu bezenhlalakahle ezihlanganiswe ngendaba eyodwa. Banikeza umthethonqubo embonini owodwa. Futhi, igatsha lomthetho libuye libe uhlelo oluhlukile olunezikhungo nezinkambiso. Ngakho-ke, esakhiweni sezomthetho jikelele, kungenxa yamagatsha okuthiwa uhlaka lwezinkathazo zomuntu uthola isicelo sabo.

Izihloko zomthetho

Umthethonqubo yinqubo ehleliwe nenhloso. "Injongo" yalo ethize yindaba ehlukile yomthetho. Yilokho Isigaba esichaza umuntu othile noma inhlangano esemthethweni ehambisana nemithetho yomkhakha othile wezomthetho. Kumele kucatshangelwe ukuthi wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kokunye, uyisifundo somthetho kazwelonke wezomthetho. Futhi uma nje ukhetha indawo ethile yomsebenzi, umuntu noma inhlangano iba yinto yesenzo sezimiso ezithile zomthetho. Ngakho, isihloko somthetho yisigaba esibonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwabantu ngabanye emkhakheni wezomthetho.

Yiziphi amalungelo nemisebenzi?

Njengoba unikezwe ngenhla, ungaphendula umbuzo wokuthi yimaphi amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Lezi yizingxenye zombuso wezomthetho kuleli noma lelo gatsha. Ngenxa yamalungelo nemisebenzi, abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano zomthetho bangakwazi ukubona izithakazelo zabo ezingeni elilawulwa ngokomthetho, ngokwezinga elivunyelwe nguhulumeni.

Ukuze ugweme izinto eziningi ezingalungile, kubalulekile ukuphawula iqiniso elilodwa elithakazelisayo. Amalungelo kanye nemisebenzi ilawulwa emazingeni amathathu asemqoka: emazwe ngamazwe, kazwelonke nangomkhakha. Amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke avikelwe futhi aqinisekiswe yizivumelwano ezikhethekile, izivumelwano, njll. Ezingeni likazwelonke, amalungelo nezibopho zifakwe eminyangweni kahulumeni. Imithethonqubo yemboni yinkambiso yemithetho ekhethekile esetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile. Kanti, amalungelo omuntu athokozwa yibo bonke abantu ngaphandle kokunye. Ngakho-ke, banesithakazelo esikhulu kunabameli-abasebenza.

Umthetho wamaLungelo omhlaba wonke

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela izici zamalungelo abantu ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Isici esiyinhloko wukuthi ukuze kube yimanje imigomo nemigomo ephelele yenziwe ukuthi ilawule futhi idale uhlobo lokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Kusekelwe kulezi zimiso ukuthi igatsha lomthetho lomhlaba jikelele eliqinisa futhi elawula amalungelo abantu lenziwa. Igatsha lamazwe ngamazwe livele livela ezenzweni ezivamile ezikhona kule ndawo, okuyilezi: izivumelwano, izivumelwano, izivumelwano, njll. Abadlali abakhulu abahlela ukuqaliswa kwegatsha lomthetho jikelele lomhlaba yizinhlangano zomhlaba ezifana ne-UN, uMkhandlu waseYurophu, i-African Union, Inhlangano yamazwe aseMelika, njll.

Ukumemezela Amalungelo Abantu

Ukwakhiwa kwendlela yokulawula emkhakheni wamalungelo abantu kwaqala emva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezibalulekile ekuboneni komuntu emhlabeni. Kuzo zonke izizwe zomhlaba baqonda ukuthi amalungelo omuntu yizona eziphambili ekuthuthukiseni kwezombusazwe zomhlaba. Uma ubheka kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, ke lena yindlela engcono kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo yesikhathi esizayo. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1948, kwasungulwa Isimemezelo Sonke Semalungelo Abantu. Ngenxa yokuthi leli dokhumenti akuyona igunya lokuqaliswa, nakuba abameli abaningi bekubheka njengomthombo wemithetho yamazwe omhlaba.

Izinhlinzeko zesimemezelo ziyancoma, nakuba kwakusisekelo sabo ukuthi izibophezelo zomthetho ezenziwe ngokusemthethweni zakhiwe : Izivumelwano Zamazwe Emphakathini, Ezombusazwe, Ezamasiko, Ezenhlalakahle Nezomnotho. Lesi simemezelo sinezimiso ezimbalwa ezigunyazayo zokuvimbela ubugqila nokuhlukunyezwa.

Yiqiniso, ngaphezu kwesimemezelo samalungelo abantu, kunezinye izenzo eziningi ezijwayelekile ezikhishwe yi-United Nations Organisation for the Protection and Implementation of Human Rights. Ngakho-ke, emphakathini womhlaba, amalungelo omuntu yiyona ndawo yokuqala yentuthuko yegatsha lomthetho jikelele emhlabeni wonke.

I-Russian Federation, izinga likazwelonke lokugcwaliswa kwamalungelo abantu

Njenganoma yikuphi umbuso wenkululeko yentando yeningi kuze kube manje, iRussia Federation ilandela indlela yentuthuko nokuqinisekisa amalungelo abantu. Esikhathini sobukhulu bezwe labazali, lesi sikhungo sekhono lomthetho sigxile esenzweni esibaluleke kakhulu se-normative - uMthethosisekelo we-Russian Federation. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngenxa yokusebenza kwalesi senzo esijwayelekile, umuntu angasho ukuthi uhulumeni nomthetho kukhona amafomu amabili afanayo futhi ahambelanisana nomphakathi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo ngokuqondile kuxhomeke kumuntu ngamunye ngabanye. Ngakho-ke, amalungelo abantu akudingeki ukuba acatshangelwe kuphela, kodwa futhi ahlinzekwe.

I-Russian Institute of Human Rights ixhunyaniswa ngokungahambisani noMthethosisekelo waseRussia. Ngakho-ke, isifundo sawo kufanele sidlule ngokucubungula isenzo esijwayelekile esithunyelwe. Phela, umthetho wezomthetho - ngokuyinhloko umthetho wokuziphatha wombuso, futhi isisekelo kunoma yimuphi umbuso uyisihluthulelo somthetho omkhulu wezomthetho.

Ukwaziswa okujwayelekile ngamalungelo abantu omthethosisekelo eRussia

Namuhla, amalungelo abantu eRussia ngukuphikisana okunenkani kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabutho ahlukahlukene ezombusazwe azama ukuwunikeza umbala ongavamile kakhulu. Isenzo esiyinhloko se-normative, okungukuthi uMthethosisekelo, usungule lesi sikhungo somthetho ngokwawo. Isahluko Sesibili "Amalungelo Nenkululeko Yomuntu Nesizwe" inikeza incazelo eningiliziwe yawo wonke amandla agunyaziwe eRussia. Lolu hlobo lwemigomo eqinile ezingeni likazwelonke luvele ludingekile, ngoba konke okuvunyelwe kubonakala ubuhlobo obuqinile phakathi komuntu nombuso, obizwa ngokuthi yisakhamuzi.

Lobudlelwano buyisimo samalungelo nemisebenzi yomuntu kanye nesakhamuzi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amagama amabili okugcina nawo awafani. Amalungelo omuntu yikululeko yenkululeko yemvelo eyenzelwe wonke umuntu kusukela ekuzalweni. Futhi amalungelo omphakathi yizimiso ezigunyazwa yi-state, ehlelwe yimingcele ethile, imisebenzi.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamalungelo omphakathi

Wonke amalungelo esakhamuzi angahle ahlukaniswe ngokuvumelana nobuhlobo bezenhlalakahle abaqondisa ngokuqondile. Ngokusho komThethosisekelo weRussian Federation, kunezinto eziyisisekelo eziyisithupha zamalungelo wobuntu namalungelo wobuntu ahlobene nabo, okungukuthi:

  1. Ubuntu, okushiwo kakade ngaphambili. Zinikezwa wonke umuntu ngokuqondile iqiniso lokuzalwa. Amalungelo omuntu afaka phakathi: ilungelo lesithunzi, impilo, inkululeko, ukuphepha, ubumfihlo bokuxhumana, ukungahambi kahle kwekhaya, ukunyakaza okukhululekile, njll.
  2. Ucwaningo luyisici esibalulekile kunoma yimuphi umbuso. Ngakho-ke, amalungelo ezomnotho nawo ayingxenye ebalulekile yoMthethosisekelo. Ngosizo lwabo, umbuso wenza abantu bakwazi ukuthinta ngqo izinqubo ezehlukene zezimali. Ubuchwepheshe bezomnotho buhlanganisa: inkululeko yokusebenza kwamabhizinisi, umsebenzi, kanye nelungelo lempahla yangasese.
  3. Amalungelo ezombangazwe afaka ilungelo lokuthola ulwazi, inkululeko yokuhlangana, imihlangano, ukukhishwa, ilungelo lokukhethwa, njll.
  4. Ubuchwepheshe bezenhlalakahle buhlinzeka impilo yomphakathi yomuntu esimweni esithile.
  5. Inkululeko yokudala, ukufundisa, ukubamba iqhaza emkhakheni wempilo kanye nezikhungo yizo zonke amalungelo amasiko.
  6. Kunomthelela othize njengamalungelo ezemvelo. Lezi zihlanganisa: ilungelo lemvelo enhle, ilungelo lokuthola isinxephezelo somonakalo obangelwa impahla nempilo ngokuphulwa kwemvelo.

Izibopho zesakhamuzi saseRussia

Ukuvikelwa komthetho Inqubo ethile elawulayo evela ekuphuleni komthetho osungulwe nguhulumeni. Le ndlela ikhona ngenxa yochungechunge olusemthethweni oludalwa lapho zonke izakhamuzi zaseRussia Federation zitholakala khona. Baphethe igama lomsebenzi. Imisebenzi esemqoka yesakhamuzi yilezi ezilandelayo:

  • Ukugcinwa kwemithetho;
  • Ukunakekela abazali abangenalutho emva kweminyaka engu-18;
  • Ukuthola imfundo jikelele;
  • Ukuvikelwa kwezikhumbuzo zomlando;
  • Ukukhokhwa kwentela.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi imisebenzi ingafakwa ngezinye izenzo zomthetho ezijwayelekile.

Lawula yi-state emkhakheni wamalungelo abantu nezibopho

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi imisebenzi nemalungelo yimizila ehlonishwayo yombuso evumela ukuthi omunye noma esinye isakhamuzi ukuthi senze ngaphandle kokushiya. Ukuze uvimbele ukuhlukumeza kwaloluhlaka, iziphathimandla zaseRussia Federation ziye zathuthukisa inqwaba yabantu abahlukahlukene abahlukumezayo abaqeda noma yikuphi ukuphulwa kwamalungelo nokungafezeki kwemisebenzi. Phela, ilungelo eliphukile liyisici esibi esonakalisa izisekelo zomThethosisekelo. Ama-counter-actor factors abandakanya izenzo ezijwayelekile zokulawulwa komthetho nezomthetho, umsebenzi wamaphoyisa, ihhovisi lesishushisi, ukuphepha kombuso, isikhungo samalungelo omuntu ombudsman eRussian Federation, njalonjalo. Ngonyaka ngamunye, lezo zinhlangano nezikhundla ziba ziningi, njengoba iRussia Federation Umbuso wezomthetho wanamuhla.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, umbhali uhlolisise kulesi sihloko imiqondo enjengemisebenzi kanye nomthetho wezomthetho. Lokhu kusivumela ukuba sigcizelele izici ezithile zalezi zakhiwo, futhi siqonde indlela yokuqaliswa kwazo endizeni yangempela.

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